我们知道,当前的应用都离不开数据库,随着数据库中的数据越来越多,单表突破性能上限记录时,如MySQL单表上线估计在近千万条内,当记录数继续增长时,从性能考虑,则需要进行拆分处理。而拆分分为横向拆分和纵向拆分。一般来说,采用横向拆分较多,这样的表结构是一致的,只是不同的数据存储在不同的数据库表中。其中横向拆分也分为分库和分表。
1.示例数据库准备
为了说清楚如何用Java语言和相关框架实现业务表的分库和分表处理。这里首先用MySQL数据库中创建两个独立的数据库实例,名字为mydb和mydb2,此可演示分库操作。另外在每个数据库实例中,创建12个业务表,按年月进行数据拆分。具体的创建表脚本如下:
- CREATE TABLE `t_bill_2021_1` (
- `order_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '订单id',
- `user_id` int(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '用户id',
- `address_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '地址id',
- `status` char(1) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '订单状态',
- `create_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '创建时间',
- PRIMARY KEY (`order_id`) USING BTREE
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
- CREATE TABLE `t_bill_2021_2` (
- `order_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '订单id',
- `user_id` int(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '用户id',
- `address_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '地址id',
- `status` char(1) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '订单状态',
- `create_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '创建时间',
- PRIMARY KEY (`order_id`) USING BTREE
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
- -- 省略....
- CREATE TABLE `t_bill_2021_12` (
- `order_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '订单id',
- `user_id` int(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '用户id',
- `address_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '地址id',
- `status` char(1) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '订单状态',
- `create_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '创建时间',
- PRIMARY KEY (`order_id`) USING BTREE
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
成功执行脚本后,在MySQL管理工具中可以看到如下的示例界面:
2.分库分表实现
在Java语言下的框架中,有众多的开源框架,其中关于分库分表的框架,可以选择Apache ShardingSphere,其官网介绍说:ShardingSphere 是一套开源的分布式数据库解决方案组成的生态圈,它由 JDBC、Proxy 和 Sidecar(规划中)这 3 款既能够独立部署,又支持混合部署配合使用的产品组成。 它们均提供标准化的数据水平扩展、分布式事务和分布式治理等功能,可适用于如 Java 同构、异构语言、云原生等各种多样化的应用场景。Apache ShardingSphere 5.x 版本开始致力于可插拔架构。 目前,数据分片、读写分离、数据加密、影子库压测等功能,以及 MySQL、PostgreSQL、SQLServer、Oracle 等 SQL 与协议的支持,均通过插件的方式织入项目。官网地址为: https://shardingsphere.apache.org/index_zh.html 。
下面的示例采用Spring Boot框架来实现,相关的库通过Maven进行管理。首先给出pom.xml配置文件的定义:
- "1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" - xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
4.0.0 org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-parent 2.5.3 com.example wyd 0.0.1-SNAPSHOT wyd Demo project for Spring Boot 1.8 3.1.1 4.0.0-RC2 5.0.0-beta org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-web org.mybatis.spring.boot mybatis-spring-boot-starter 2.0.1 com.baomidou mybatis-plus-boot-starter ${mybatis-plus.version} org.projectlombok lombok true joda-time joda-time 2.9.8 org.apache.shardingsphere sharding-jdbc-spring-boot-starter ${sharding-sphere.version} org.apache.shardingsphere sharding-jdbc-spring-namespace ${sharding-sphere.version} mysql mysql-connector-java runtime org.postgresql postgresql runtime org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-test test org.springframework.boot spring-boot-maven-plugin
其次,给出一个实体类,它对应于上述创建的数据库表t_bill,其定义如下:
- package com.example.wyd.dao;
- import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableName;
- import lombok.Data;
- import java.util.Date;
- @Data
- @TableName("t_bill")
- public class Bill {
- private Long orderId;
- private Integer userId;
- private Long addressId;
- private String status;
- private Date createTime;
- public void setOrderId(Long orderId) {
- this.orderId = orderId;
- }
- public void setUserId(Integer userId) {
- this.userId = userId;
- }
- public void setAddressId(Long addressId) {
- this.addressId = addressId;
- }
- public void setStatus(String status) {
- this.status = status;
- }
- public void setCreateTime(Date createTime) {
- this.createTime = createTime;
- }
- }
- 映射类BillMapper定义如下:
- package com.example.wyd.mapper;
- import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.mapper.BaseMapper;
- import com.example.wyd.dao.Bill;
- public interface BillMapper extends BaseMapper
{ - }
服务类接口定义如下:
- package com.example.wyd.service;
- import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.IService;
- import com.example.wyd.dao.Bill;
- public interface BillService extends IService
{ - }
服务类接口的实现类定义如下:
- package com.example.wyd.service;
- import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.impl.ServiceImpl;
- import com.example.wyd.dao.Bill;
- import com.example.wyd.mapper.BillMapper;
- import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
- @Service
- public class BillServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl
implements BillService { - }
这里我们采用了MybatisPlus框架,它可以很方便的进行数据库相关操作,而无需过多写SQL来实现具体业务逻辑。通过上述定义,通过继承接口的方式,并提供实体类的定义,MybatisPlus框架会通过反射机制来根据数据库设置来生成SQL语句,其中包含增删改查接口,具体的实现我们并未具体定义。
下面定义一个自定义的分库算法,具体实现如下:
- package com.example.wyd;
- import org.apache.shardingsphere.api.sharding.standard.PreciseShardingAlgorithm;
- import org.apache.shardingsphere.api.sharding.standard.PreciseShardingValue;
- import java.util.Collection;
- //自定义数据库分片算法
- public class DBShardingAlgorithm implements PreciseShardingAlgorithm
{ - @Override
- public String doSharding(Collection
availableTargetNames, PreciseShardingValue shardingValue) { - //真实数据库节点
- availableTargetNames.stream().forEach((item) -> {
- System.out.println("actual db:" + item);
- });
- //逻辑表以及分片的字段名
- System.out.println("logicTable:"+shardingValue.getLogicTableName()+";shardingColumn:"+ shardingValue.getColumnName());
- //分片数据字段值
- System.out.println("shardingColumn value:"+ shardingValue.getValue().toString());
- //获取字段值
- long orderId = shardingValue.getValue();
- //分片索引计算 0 , 1
- long db_index = orderId & (2 - 1);
- for (String each : availableTargetNames) {
- if (each.equals("ds"+db_index)) {
- //匹配的话,返回数据库名
- return each;
- }
- }
- throw new IllegalArgumentException();
- }
- }
下面给出数据的分表逻辑,这个定义稍显复杂一点,就是根据业务数据的日期字段值,根据月份落入对应的物理数据表中。实现示例代码如下:
- package com.example.wyd;
- import org.apache.shardingsphere.api.sharding.standard.PreciseShardingAlgorithm;
- import org.apache.shardingsphere.api.sharding.standard.PreciseShardingValue;
- import java.util.Collection;
- import java.util.Date;
- //表按日期自定义分片
- public class TableShardingAlgorithm implements PreciseShardingAlgorithm
{ - @Override
- public String doSharding(Collection
availableTargetNames, PreciseShardingValue shardingValue) { - //真实数据库节点
- availableTargetNames.stream().forEach((item) -> {
- System.out.println("actual db:" + item);
- });
- //逻辑表以及分片的字段名
- System.out.println("logicTable:"+shardingValue.getLogicTableName()+";shardingColumn:"+ shardingValue.getColumnName());
- //分片数据字段值
- System.out.println("shardingColumn value:"+ shardingValue.getValue().toString());
- //获取表名前缀
- String tb_name = shardingValue.getLogicTableName() + "_";
- //根据日期分表
- Date date = shardingValue.getValue();
- String year = String.format("%tY", date);
- String mon =String.valueOf(Integer.parseInt(String.format("%tm", date)));
- //String dat = String.format("%td", date); //也可以安装年月日来分表
- // 选择表
- tb_name = tb_name + year + "_" + mon;
- //实际的表名
- System.out.println("tb_name:" + tb_name);
- for (String each : availableTargetNames) {
- //System.out.println("availableTableName:" + each);
- if (each.equals(tb_name)) {
- //返回物理表名
- return each;
- }
- }
- throw new IllegalArgumentException();
- }
- }
数据的分库分表可以在Spring Boot的属性配置文件中进行设( application.properties ):
- server.port=8080
- #########################################################################################################
- # 配置ds0 和ds1两个数据源
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.names = ds0,ds1
- #ds0 配置
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.type = com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.driver-class-name = com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.jdbc-url = jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/mydb?characterEncoding=utf8
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.username = uname
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.password = pwd
- #ds1 配置
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.type = com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.driver-class-name = com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.jdbc-url = jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/mydb2characterEncoding=utf8
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.username = uname
- spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.password = pwd
- #########################################################################################################
- # 默认的分库策略:id取模
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.default-database-strategy.inline.sharding-column = id
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.default-database-strategy.inline.algorithm-expression = ds$->{id % 2}
- #########################################################################################################
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_bill.actual-data-nodes=ds$->{0..1}.t_bill_$->{2021..2021}_$->{1..12}
- #数据库分片字段
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_bill.database-strategy.standard.sharding-column=order_id
- #自定义数据库分片策略
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_bill.database-strategy.standard.precise-algorithm-class-name=com.example.wyd.DBShardingAlgorithm
- #表分片字段
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_bill.table-strategy.standard.sharding-column=create_time
- #自定义表分片策略
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_bill.table-strategy.standard.precise-algorithm-class-name=com.example.wyd.TableShardingAlgorithm
- #########################################################################################################
- # 使用SNOWFLAKE算法生成主键
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_bill.key-generator.column = order_id
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_bill.key-generator.type = SNOWFLAKE
- spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_bill.key-generator.props.worker.id=123
- #########################################################################################################
- spring.shardingsphere.props.sql.show = true
最后,我们给出一个定义的Controller类型,来测试分库分表的查询和保存操作是否正确。HomeController类定义如下:
- package com.example.wyd.controller;
- import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.conditions.query.QueryWrapper;
- import com.example.wyd.dao.Bill;
- import com.example.wyd.service.BillService;
- import org.joda.time.DateTime;
- import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
- import java.text.ParseException;
- import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
- import java.util.Date;
- import java.util.List;
- @RestController
- @RequestMapping("/api")
- public class HomeController {
- @Autowired
- private BillService billService;
- //http://localhost:8080/api/query?start=2021-02-07%2000:00:00&end=2021-03-07%2000:00:00
- @RequestMapping("/query")
- public List
queryList(@RequestParam("start") String start, @RequestParam("end") String end) { - SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
- try {
- Date date = sdf.parse(start);
- Date date2 = sdf.parse(end);
- QueryWrapper
queryWrapper = new QueryWrapper<>(); - queryWrapper.ge("create_time",date)
- .and(qw-> qw.le("create_time", date2)).last("limit 1,10");
- List
billIPage = billService.list(queryWrapper); - System.out.println(billIPage.size());
- billIPage.forEach(System.out::println);
- return billIPage;
- } catch (ParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- //http://localhost:8080/api/save?userid=999&addressId=999&status=M&date=2021-03-07%2000:00:00
- @RequestMapping("/save")
- public String Save(@RequestParam("userid") int userId, @RequestParam("addressId") long AddressId,
- @RequestParam("status") String status
- ,@RequestParam("date") String strDate) {
- String ret ="0";
- SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
- try {
- Date date = sdf.parse(strDate);
- Bill bill = new Bill();
- bill.setUserId(userId);
- bill.setAddressId(AddressId);
- bill.setStatus(status);
- bill.setCreateTime(date);
- boolean isOk = billService.save(bill);
- if (isOk){
- ret ="1";
- }
- } catch (ParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return ret;
- }
- }
至此,我们可以用测试类初始化一些数据,并做一些初步的数据操作测试:
- package com.example.wyd;
- import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.conditions.query.QueryWrapper;
- import com.example.wyd.dao.Bill;
- import com.example.wyd.dao.Order;
- import com.example.wyd.service.BillService;
- import com.example.wyd.service.OrderService;
- import org.joda.time.DateTime;
- import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
- import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
- import java.text.ParseException;
- import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
- import java.util.*;
- public class OrderServiceImplTest extends WydApplicationTests {
- @Autowired
- private BillService billService;
- @Test
- public void testBillSave(){
- for (int i = 0 ; i< 120 ; i++){
- Bill bill = new Bill();
- bill.setUserId(i);
- bill.setAddressId((long)i);
- bill.setStatus("K");
- bill.setCreateTime((new Date(new DateTime(2021,(i % 11)+1,7,00, 00,00,000).getMillis())));
- billService.save(bill);
- }
- }
- @Test
- public void testGetByOrderId(){
- long id = 626038622575374337L; //根据数据修改,无数据会报错
- QueryWrapper
queryWrapper = new QueryWrapper<>(); - queryWrapper.eq("order_id", id);
- Bill bill = billService.getOne(queryWrapper);
- System.out.println(bill.toString());
- }
- @Test
- public void testGetByDate(){
- SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
- try {
- Date date = sdf.parse("2021-02-07 00:00:00");
- QueryWrapper
queryWrapper = new QueryWrapper<>(); - queryWrapper.eq("create_time",date);
- List
billIPage = billService.list(queryWrapper); - System.out.println(billIPage.size());
- System.out.println(billIPage.toString());
- } catch (ParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- @Test
- public void testGetByDate2(){
- SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
- try {
- Date date = sdf.parse("2021-02-07 00:00:00");
- Date date2 = sdf.parse("2021-03-07 00:00:00");
- QueryWrapper
queryWrapper = new QueryWrapper<>(); - queryWrapper.ge("create_time",date)
- .and(qw-> qw.le("create_time", date2));
- List
billIPage = billService.list(queryWrapper); - System.out.println(billIPage.size());
- billIPage.forEach(System.out::println);
- } catch (ParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
执行上述测试,通过后会生成测试数据。
3.验证
打开浏览器,输入网址进行查询测试:http://localhost:8080/api/query?start=2021-02-07%2000:00:00&end=2021-03-07%2000:00:00
输入如下网址进行数据新增测试:http://localhost:8080/api/save?userid=999&addressId=999&status=M&date=2021-03-07%2000:00:00
通过跟踪分析,此数据落入如下的表中,SQL语句如下:
- SELECT * FROM mydb2.t_bill_2021_3 LIMIT 0, 1000
这里还需要注意, ShardingSphere 还支持分布式事务 ,感兴趣的可以阅读官网相关资料进行学习。