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在Linux系统中安装软件可以使用软件包管理器来进行安装，所以对于系统管理员来说软件包工具管理非常重要，那么如何在 Linux 中列出可用的软件包组？
如何在 CentOS/RHEL 系统上列出可用的软件包组
RHEL 和 CentOS 系统使用的是 RPM 软件包，因此可以使用 yum 软件包管理器来获取相关的软件包信息。
yum 是 “Yellowdog Updater, Modified” 的缩写，它是一个用于基于 RPM 系统（例如 RHEL 和 CentOS）的，开源的命令行软件包管理工具。它是从发行版仓库或其它第三方库中获取、安装、删除、查询和管理 RPM 包的主要工具。
推荐阅读： 使用 yum 命令在 RHEL/CentOS 系统上管理软件包
# yum grouplist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Setting up Group Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * epel: epel.mirror.constant.com Installed Groups: Base E-mail server Graphical Administration Tools Hardware monitoring utilities Legacy UNIX compatibility Milkymist Networking Tools Performance Tools Perl Support Security Tools Available Groups: Additional Development Backup Client Backup Server CIFS file server Client management tools Compatibility libraries Console internet tools Debugging Tools Desktop . . Available Language Groups: Afrikaans Support [af] Albanian Support [sq] Amazigh Support [ber] Arabic Support [ar] Armenian Support [hy] Assamese Support [as] Azerbaijani Support [az] . . Done如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 “Performance Tools” 组相关联的软件包。
# yum groupinfo "Performance Tools" Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Setting up Group Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * epel: ewr.edge.kernel.org Group: Performance Tools Description: Tools for diagnosing system and application-level performance problems. Mandatory Packages: blktrace sysstat Default Packages: dstat iotop latencytop latencytop-tui oprofile perf powertop seekwatcher Optional Packages: oprofile-jit papi sdparm sg3_utils tiobench tuned tuned-utils如何在 Fedora 系统上列出可用的软件包组
Fedora 系统使用的是 DNF 软件包管理器，因此可以通过 DNF 软件包管理器来获取相关的信息。
DNF 的含义是 “Dandified yum”。DNF 软件包管理器是 YUM 软件包管理器的一个分支，它使用 hawkey/libsolv 库作为后端。从 Fedora 18 开始，Aleš Kozumplík 开始着手 DNF 的开发，直到在 Fedora 22 开始加入到系统中。
dnf 命令可以在 Fedora 22 及更高版本上安装、更新、搜索和删除软件包， 它可以自动解决软件包的依赖关系并其顺利安装，不会产生问题。
YUM 被 DNF 取代是由于 YUM 中存在一些长期未被解决的问题。为什么 Aleš Kozumplík 没有对 yum 的这些问题作出修补呢，他认为补丁解决存在技术上的难题，而 YUM 团队也不会马上接受这些更改，还有一些重要的问题。而且 YUM 的代码量有 5.6 万行，而 DNF 只有 2.9 万行。因此已经不需要沿着 YUM 的方向继续开发了，重新开一个分支才是更好的选择。
推荐阅读： 在 Fedora 系统上使用 DNF 命令管理软件包
# dnf grouplist Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:00 ago on Sun 09 Sep 2018 07:10:36 PM IST. Available Environment Groups: Fedora Custom Operating System Minimal Install Fedora Server Edition Fedora Workstation Fedora Cloud Server KDE Plasma Workspaces Xfce Desktop LXDE Desktop Hawaii Desktop LXQt Desktop Cinnamon Desktop MATE Desktop Sugar Desktop Environment Development and Creative Workstation Web Server Infrastructure Server Basic Desktop Installed Groups: C Development Tools and Libraries Development Tools Available Groups: 3D Printing Administration Tools Ansible node Audio Production Authoring and Publishing Books and Guides Cloud Infrastructure Cloud Management Tools Container Management D Development Tools and Libraries . . RPM Development Tools Security Lab Text-based Internet Window Managers GNOME Desktop Environment Graphical Internet KDE (K Desktop Environment) Fonts Games and Entertainment Hardware Support Sound and Video System Tools如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 “Editor” 组相关联的软件包。
# dnf groupinfo Editors Last metadata expiration check: 0:04:57 ago on Sun 09 Sep 2018 07:10:36 PM IST. Group: Editors Description: Sometimes called text editors, these are programs that allow you to create and edit text files. This includes Emacs and Vi. Optional Packages: code-editor cssed emacs emacs-auctex emacs-bbdb emacs-ess emacs-vm geany gobby jed joe leafpad nedit poedit psgml vim-X11 vim-enhanced xemacs xemacs-packages-base xemacs-packages-extra xemacs-xft xmlcopyeditor zile如何在 openSUSE 系统上列出可用的软件包组
openSUSE 系统使用的是 zypper 软件包管理器，因此可以通过 zypper 软件包管理器来获取相关的信息。
Zypper 是 suse 和 openSUSE 发行版的命令行包管理器。它可以用于安装、更新、搜索和删除软件包，还有管理存储库，执行各种查询等功能。 Zypper 命令行界面用到了 ZYpp 系统管理库（libzypp）。
推荐阅读： 在 openSUSE 和 suse 系统使用 zypper 命令管理软件包
# zypper patterns Loading repository data... Warning: Repository 'Update Repository (Non-Oss)' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Warning: Repository 'Main Update Repository' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Reading installed packages... S | Name | Version | Repository | Dependency ---|----------------------|---------------|-----------------------|----------- | 64bit | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | apparmor | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | apparmor | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | base | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i+ | base | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | books | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | console | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | devel_C_C++ | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | enhanced_base | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | enlightenment | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | file_server | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | fonts | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | fonts | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | games | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | games | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | gnome | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | gnome_basis | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | imaging | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | kde | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i+ | kde | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | kde_plasma | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | kde_plasma | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | lamp_server | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | laptop | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i+ | laptop | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | lxde | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | lxqt | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | multimedia | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | network_admin | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | non_oss | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | non_oss | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | office | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | office | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | print_server | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | remote_desktop | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | x11 | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i+ | x11 | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | x86 | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | xen_server | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | xfce | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | xfce_basis | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | | yast2_basis | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | i | yast2_basis | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | yast2_install_wf | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) |如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 “file_server” 组相关联的软件包。另外 zypper 还允许用户使用不同的选项执行相同的操作。
# zypper info file_server Loading repository data... Warning: Repository 'Update Repository (Non-Oss)' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Warning: Repository 'Main Update Repository' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Reading installed packages... Information for pattern file_server: ------------------------------------ Repository : Main Repository (OSS) Name : file_server Version : 20150918-25.1 Arch : x86_64 Vendor : openSUSE Installed : No Visible to User : Yes Summary : File Server Description : File services to host files so that they may be accessed or retrieved by other computers on the same network. This includes the FTP, SMB, and NFS protocols. Contents : S | Name | Type | Dependency ---|-------------------------------|---------|------------ i+ | patterns-openSUSE-base | package | Required | patterns-openSUSE-file_server | package | Required | nfs-kernel-server | package | Recommended i | nfsidmap | package | Recommended i | samba | package | Recommended i | samba-client | package | Recommended i | samba-winbind | package | Recommended | tftp | package | Recommended | vsftpd | package | Recommended | yast2-ftp-server | package | Recommended | yast2-nfs-server | package | Recommended i | yast2-samba-server | package | Recommended | yast2-tftp-server | package | Recommended如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。
# zypper pattern-info file_server Loading repository data... Warning: Repository 'Update Repository (Non-Oss)' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Warning: Repository 'Main Update Repository' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Reading installed packages... Information for pattern file_server: ------------------------------------ Repository : Main Repository (OSS) Name : file_server Version : 20150918-25.1 Arch : x86_64 Vendor : openSUSE Installed : No Visible to User : Yes Summary : File Server Description : File services to host files so that they may be accessed or retrieved by other computers on the same network. This includes the FTP, SMB, and NFS protocols. Contents : S | Name | Type | Dependency ---|-------------------------------|---------|------------ i+ | patterns-openSUSE-base | package | Required | patterns-openSUSE-file_server | package | Required | nfs-kernel-server | package | Recommended i | nfsidmap | package | Recommended i | samba | package | Recommended i | samba-client | package | Recommended i | samba-winbind | package | Recommended | tftp | package | Recommended | vsftpd | package | Recommended | yast2-ftp-server | package | Recommended | yast2-nfs-server | package | Recommended i | yast2-samba-server | package | Recommended | yast2-tftp-server | package | Recommended如果需要列出相关联的软件包，也可以执行以下这个命令。
# zypper info pattern file_server Loading repository data... Warning: Repository 'Update Repository (Non-Oss)' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Warning: Repository 'Main Update Repository' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Reading installed packages... Information for pattern file_server: ------------------------------------ Repository : Main Repository (OSS) Name : file_server Version : 20150918-25.1 Arch : x86_64 Vendor : openSUSE Installed : No Visible to User : Yes Summary : File Server Description : File services to host files so that they may be accessed or retrieved by other computers on the same network. This includes the FTP, SMB, and NFS protocols. Contents : S | Name | Type | Dependency ---|-------------------------------|---------|------------ i+ | patterns-openSUSE-base | package | Required | patterns-openSUSE-file_server | package | Required | nfs-kernel-server | package | Recommended i | nfsidmap | package | Recommended i | samba | package | Recommended i | samba-client | package | Recommended i | samba-winbind | package | Recommended | tftp | package | Recommended | vsftpd | package | Recommended | yast2-ftp-server | package | Recommended | yast2-nfs-server | package | Recommended i | yast2-samba-server | package | Recommended | yast2-tftp-server | package | Recommended如果需要列出相关联的软件包，也可以执行以下这个命令。
# zypper info -t pattern file_server Loading repository data... Warning: Repository 'Update Repository (Non-Oss)' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Warning: Repository 'Main Update Repository' appears to be outdated. Consider using a different mirror or server. Reading installed packages... Information for pattern file_server: ------------------------------------ Repository : Main Repository (OSS) Name : file_server Version : 20150918-25.1 Arch : x86_64 Vendor : openSUSE Installed : No Visible to User : Yes Summary : File Server Description : File services to host files so that they may be accessed or retrieved by other computers on the same network. This includes the FTP, SMB, and NFS protocols. Contents : S | Name | Type | Dependency ---|-------------------------------|---------|------------ i+ | patterns-openSUSE-base | package | Required | patterns-openSUSE-file_server | package | Required | nfs-kernel-server | package | Recommended i | nfsidmap | package | Recommended i | samba | package | Recommended i | samba-client | package | Recommended i | samba-winbind | package | Recommended | tftp | package | Recommended | vsftpd | package | Recommended | yast2-ftp-server | package | Recommended | yast2-nfs-server | package | Recommended i | yast2-samba-server | package | Recommended | yast2-tftp-server | package | Recommended如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统上列出可用的软件包组
由于 APT 或 APT-GET 软件包管理器没有为基于 Debian/Ubuntu 的系统提供这样的选项，因此需要使用 tasksel 命令来获取相关信息。
tasksel 是 Debian/Ubuntu 系统上一个很方便的工具，只需要很少的操作就可以用它来安装好一组软件包。可以在 /usr/share/tasksel 目录下的 .desc 文件中安排软件包的安装任务。
默认情况下，tasksel 工具是作为 Debian 系统的一部分安装的，但桌面版 Ubuntu 则没有自带 tasksel，这个功能类似软件包管理器中的元包（meta-packages）。
tasksel 工具带有一个基于 zenity 的简单用户界面，例如命令行中的弹出图形对话框。
推荐阅读： 使用 tasksel 在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统上快速安装软件包组
# tasksel --list-task u kubuntu-live Kubuntu live CD u lubuntu-live-gtk Lubuntu live CD (GTK part) u ubuntu-budgie-live Ubuntu Budgie live CD u ubuntu-live Ubuntu live CD u ubuntu-mate-live Ubuntu MATE Live CD u ubuntustudio-dvd-live Ubuntu Studio live DVD u vanilla-gnome-live Ubuntu GNOME live CD u xubuntu-live Xubuntu live CD u cloud-image Ubuntu Cloud Image (instance) u dns-server DNS server u kubuntu-desktop Kubuntu desktop u kubuntu-full Kubuntu full u lamp-server LAMP server u lubuntu-core Lubuntu minimal installation u lubuntu-desktop Lubuntu Desktop u lubuntu-gtk-core Lubuntu minimal installation (GTK part) u lubuntu-gtk-desktop Lubuntu Desktop (GTK part) u lubuntu-qt-core Lubuntu minimal installation (Qt part) u lubuntu-qt-desktop Lubuntu Qt Desktop (Qt part) u mail-server Mail server u postgresql-server PostgreSQL database i print-server Print server u samba-server Samba file server u tomcat-server Tomcat Java server u ubuntu-budgie-desktop Ubuntu Budgie desktop i ubuntu-desktop Ubuntu desktop u ubuntu-mate-core Ubuntu MATE minimal u ubuntu-mate-desktop Ubuntu MATE desktop i ubuntu-usb Ubuntu desktop USB u ubuntustudio-audio Audio recording and editing suite u ubuntustudio-desktop Ubuntu Studio desktop u ubuntustudio-desktop-core Ubuntu Studio minimal DE installation u ubuntustudio-fonts Large selection of font packages u ubuntustudio-graphics 2D/3D creation and editing suite u ubuntustudio-photography Photograph touchup and editing suite u ubuntustudio-publishing Publishing applications u ubuntustudio-video Video creation and editing suite u vanilla-gnome-desktop Vanilla GNOME desktop u xubuntu-core Xubuntu minimal installation u xubuntu-desktop Xubuntu desktop u openssh-server OpenSSH server u server Basic Ubuntu server如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 “lamp-server” 组相关联的软件包。
# tasksel --task-desc "lamp-server" Selects a ready-made Linux/Apache/MySQL/PHP server.如何在基于 Arch Linux 的系统上列出可用的软件包组
基于 Arch Linux 的系统使用的是 pacman 软件包管理器，因此可以通过 pacman 软件包管理器来获取相关的信息。
pacman 是 “package manager” 的缩写。pacman 可以用于安装、构建、删除和管理 Arch Linux 软件包。pacman 使用 libalpm（Arch Linux Package Management 库，ALPM）作为后端来执行所有操作。
推荐阅读： 使用 pacman 在基于 Arch Linux 的系统上管理软件包
# pacman -Sg base-devel base multilib-devel gnome-extra kde-applications kdepim kdeutils kdeedu kf5 kdemultimedia gnome plasma kdegames kdesdk kdebase xfce4 fprint kdegraphics kdenetwork kdeadmin kf5-aids kdewebdev . . dlang-ldc libretro ring lxqt non-daw non alsa qtcurve realtime sugar-fructose tesseract-data vim-plugins如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 “gnome” 组相关联的软件包。
# pacman -Sg gnome gnome baobab gnome cheese gnome eog gnome epiphany gnome evince gnome file-roller gnome gdm gnome gedit gnome gnome-backgrounds gnome gnome-calculator gnome gnome-calendar gnome gnome-characters gnome gnome-clocks gnome gnome-color-manager gnome gnome-contacts gnome gnome-control-center gnome gnome-dictionary gnome gnome-disk-utility gnome gnome-documents gnome gnome-font-viewer . . gnome sushi gnome totem gnome tracker gnome tracker-miners gnome vino gnome xdg-user-dirs-gtk gnome yelp gnome gnome-boxes gnome gnome-software gnome simple-scan也可以执行以下这个命令实现同样的效果。
# pacman -S gnome :: There are 64 members in group gnome: :: Repository extra 1) baobab 2) cheese 3) eog 4) epiphany 5) evince 6) file-roller 7) gdm 8) gedit 9) gnome-backgrounds 10) gnome-calculator 11) gnome-calendar 12) gnome-characters 13) gnome-clocks 14) gnome-color-manager 15) gnome-contacts 16) gnome-control-center 17) gnome-dictionary 18) gnome-disk-utility 19) gnome-documents 20) gnome-font-viewer 21) gnome-getting-started-docs 22) gnome-keyring 23) gnome-logs 24) gnome-maps 25) gnome-menus 26) gnome-music 27) gnome-photos 28) gnome-screenshot 29) gnome-session 30) gnome-settings-daemon 31) gnome-shell 32) gnome-shell-extensions 33) gnome-system-monitor 34) gnome-terminal 35) gnome-themes-extra 36) gnome-todo 37) gnome-user-docs 38) gnome-user-share 39) gnome-video-effects 40) grilo-plugins 41) gvfs 42) gvfs-afc 43) gvfs-goa 44) gvfs-google 45) gvfs-gphoto2 46) gvfs-mtp 47) gvfs-nfs 48) gvfs-smb 49) mousetweaks 50) mutter 51) nautilus 52) networkmanager 53) orca 54) rygel 55) sushi 56) totem 57) tracker 58) tracker-miners 59) vino 60) xdg-user-dirs-gtk 61) yelp :: Repository community 62) gnome-boxes 63) gnome-software 64) simple-scan Enter a selection (default=all): ^C Interrupt signal received可以执行以下命令检查相关软件包的数量。
# pacman -Sg gnome | wc -l 64Linux有哪些版本
Linux的版本有：Deepin、UbuntuKylin、Manjaro、LinuxMint、Ubuntu等版本。其中Deepin是国内发展最好的Linux发行版之一；UbuntuKylin是基于Ubuntu的衍生发行版；Manjaro是基于Arch的Linux发行版；LinuxMint默认的Cinnamon桌面类似Windows XP简单易用；Ubuntu则是以桌面应用为主的Linux操作系统。
关于Linux系统列出可用的软件包组有哪些就分享到这里了，希望以上内容可以对大家有一定的帮助，可以学到更多知识。如果觉得文章不错，可以把它分享出去让更多的人看到。
