这篇文章主要讲解了“SQL Server中函数、存储过程与触发器怎么用”,文中的讲解内容简单清晰,易于学习与理解,下面请大家跟着小编的思路慢慢深入,一起来研究和学习“SQL Server中函数、存储过程与触发器怎么用”吧!
一、函数
函数分为(1)系统函数,(2)自定义函数。
其中自定义函数又可以分为(1)标量值函数(返回单个值),(2)表值函数(返回查询结果)
本文主要介绍自定义函数的使用。
(1)编写一个函数求该银行的金额总和
create function GetSumCardMoney()returns money asbegindeclare @AllMOney moneyselect @AllMOney = (select SUM(CardMoney) from BankCard)return @AllMOneyend
函数调用
select dbo.GetSumCardMoney()
上述函数没有参数,下面介绍有参数的函数的定义及使用
(2)传入账户编号,返回账户真实姓名
create function GetNameById(@AccountId int)returns varchar(20)asbegindeclare @RealName varchar(20)select @RealName = (select RealName from AccountInfo where AccountId = @AccountId)return @RealNameend
函数调用
print dbo.GetNameById(2)
(3)传递开始时间和结束时间,返回交易记录(存钱取钱),交易记录中包含 真实姓名,卡号,存钱金额,取钱金额,交易时间。
方案一(逻辑复杂,函数内容除了返回结果的sql语句还有其他内容,例如定义变量等):
create function GetExchangeByTime(@StartTime varchar(30),@EndTime varchar(30))returns @ExchangeTable table(RealName varchar(30), --真实姓名CardNo varchar(30), --卡号MoneyInBank money, --存钱金额MoneyOutBank money, --取钱金额ExchangeTime smalldatetime --交易时间)asbegininsert into @ExchangeTableselect AccountInfo.RealName,CardExchange.CardNo,CardExchange.MoneyInBank,CardExchange.MoneyOutBank,CardExchange.ExchangeTime from CardExchangeleft join BankCard on CardExchange.CardNo = BankCard.CardNoleft join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountIdwhere CardExchange.ExchangeTime between @StartTime+' 00:00:00' and @EndTime+' 23:59:59'returnend
函数调用
select * from GetExchangeByTime('2018-6-1','2018-7-1')
方案二(逻辑简单,函数内容直接是一条sql查询语句):
create function GetExchangeByTime(@StartTime varchar(30),@EndTime varchar(30))returns tableasreturnselect AccountInfo.RealName,CardExchange.CardNo,CardExchange.MoneyInBank,CardExchange.MoneyOutBank,CardExchange.ExchangeTime from CardExchangeleft join BankCard on CardExchange.CardNo = BankCard.CardNoleft join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountIdwhere CardExchange.ExchangeTime between @StartTime+' 00:00:00' and @EndTime+' 23:59:59'go
函数调用:
select * from GetExchangeByTime('2018-6-19','2018-6-19')
(4)查询银行卡信息,将银行卡状态1,2,3,4分别转换为汉字“正常,挂失,冻结,注销”,根据银行卡余额显示银行卡等级 30万以下为“普通用户”,30万及以上为"VIP用户",分别显示卡号,身份证,姓名,余额,用户等级,银行卡状态。
方案一:直接在sql语句中使用case when
select * from AccountInfoselect * from BankCardselect CardNo 卡号,AccountCode 身份证,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 余额,casewhen CardMoney < 300000 then '普通用户'else 'VIP用户' end 用户等级,casewhen CardState = 1 then '正常'when CardState = 2 then '挂失'when CardState = 3 then '冻结'when CardState = 4 then '注销'else '异常'end 卡状态from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId
方案二:将等级和状态用函数实现
create function GetGradeByMoney(@myMoney int)returns varchar(10)asbegindeclare @result varchar(10)if @myMoney < 3000 set @result = '普通用户'elseset @result = 'VIP用户'return @resultendgocreate function GetStatusByNumber(@myNum int)returns varchar(10)asbegindeclare @result varchar(10)if @myNum = 1set @result = '正常'else if @myNum = 2set @result = '挂失'else if @myNum = 3set @result = '冻结'else if @myNum = 4set @result = '注销'elseset @result = '异常'return @resultendgo
函数调用实现查询功能
select CardNo 卡号,AccountCode 身份证,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 余额,dbo.GetGradeByMoney(CardMoney) 账户等级,dbo.GetStatusByNumber(CardState) 卡状态from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId
(5)编写函数,根据出生日期求年龄,年龄求实岁,例如:
生日为2000-5-5,当前为2018-5-4,年龄为17岁
生日为2000-5-5,当前为2018-5-6,年龄为18岁
测试数据如下:
create table Emp(EmpId int primary key identity(1,2), --自动编号empName varchar(20), --姓名empSex varchar(4), --性别empBirth smalldatetime --生日)insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('刘备','男','2008-5-8')insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('关羽','男','1998-10-10')insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('张飞','男','1999-7-5')insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('赵云','男','2003-12-12')insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('马超','男','2003-1-5')insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('黄忠','男','1988-8-4')insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('魏延','男','1998-5-2')insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('简雍','男','1992-2-20')insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('诸葛亮','男','1993-3-1')insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('徐庶','男','1994-8-5')
函数定义:
create function GetAgeByBirth(@birth smalldatetime)returns intasbegindeclare @age intset @age = year(getdate()) - year(@birth)if month(getdate()) < month(@birth)set @age = @age - 1if month(getdate()) = month(@birth) and day(getdate()) < day(@birth)set @age = @age -1return @ageend
函数调用实现查询
select *,dbo.GetAgeByBirth(empBirth) 年龄 from Emp
二、触发器
触发器分类:(1) “Instead of”触发器(2)“After”触发器
“Instead of”触发器:在执行操作之前被执行
“After”触发器:在执行操作之后被执行
触发器中后面的案例中需要用到的表及测试数据如下:
--部门create table Department(DepartmentId varchar(10) primary key , --主键,自动增长DepartmentName nvarchar(50), --部门名称)--人员信息create table People(PeopleId int primary key identity(1,1), --主键,自动增长DepartmentId varchar(10), --部门编号,外键,与部门表关联PeopleName nvarchar(20), --人员姓名PeopleSex nvarchar(2), --人员性别PeoplePhone nvarchar(20), --电话,联系方式)insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)values('001','总经办')insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)values('002','市场部')insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)values('003','人事部')insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)values('004','财务部')insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)values('005','软件部')insert into People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)values('001','刘备','男','13558785478')insert into People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)values('001','关羽','男','13558788785')insert into People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)values('002','张飞','男','13698547125')
(1)假设有部门表和员工表,在添加员工的时候,该员工的部门编号如果在部门表中找不到,则自动添加部门信息,部门名称为"新部门"。
编写触发器:
create trigger tri_InsertPeople on Peopleafter insertasif not exists(select * from Department where DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from inserted))insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)values((select DepartmentId from inserted),'新部门')go
测试触发器:
insert People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)values('009','赵云','男','13854587456')
我们会发现,当插入赵云这个员工的时候会自动向部门表中添加数据。
(2)触发器实现,删除一个部门的时候将部门下所有员工全部删除。
编写触发器:
create trigger tri_DeleteDept on Departmentafter deleteasdelete from People where People.DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from deleted)go
测试触发器:
delete Department where DepartmentId = '001'
我们会发现当我们删除此部门的时候,同时会删除该部门下的所有员工
(3)创建一个触发器,删除一个部门的时候判断该部门下是否有员工,有则不删除,没有则删除。
编写触发器:
drop trigger tri_DeleteDept--删除掉之前的触发器,因为当前触发器也叫这个名字create trigger tri_DeleteDept on DepartmentInstead of deleteas if not exists(select * from People where DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from deleted)) begindelete from Department where DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from deleted) endgo
测试触发器:
delete Department where DepartmentId = '001'delete Department where DepartmentId = '002'delete Department where DepartmentId = '003'
我们会发现,当部门下没有员工的部门信息可以成功删除,而部门下有员工的部门并没有被删除。
(4)修改一个部门编号之后,将该部门下所有员工的部门编号同步进行修改
编写触发器:
create trigger tri_UpdateDept on Departmentafter updateasupdate People set DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from inserted)where DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from deleted)go
测试触发器:
update Department set DepartmentId = 'zjb001' where DepartmentId='001'
我们会发现不但部门信息表中的部门编号进行了修改,员工信息表中部门编号为001的信息也被一起修改了。
三、存储过程
存储过程(Procedure)是SQL语句和流程控制语句的预编译集合。
(1)没有输入参数,没有输出参数的存储过程。
定义存储过程实现查询出账户余额最低的银行卡账户信息,显示银行卡号,姓名,账户余额
--方案一create proc proc_MinMoneyCardas select top 1 CardNo 银行卡号,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 余额 from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId order by CardMoney ascgo--方案二:(余额最低,有多个人则显示结果是多个)create proc proc_MinMoneyCardas select CardNo 银行卡号,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 余额 from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId where CardMoney=(select MIN(CardMoney) from BankCard)go
执行存储过程:
exec proc_MinMoneyCard
(2)有输入参数,没有输出参数的存储过程
模拟银行卡存钱操作,传入银行卡号,存钱金额,实现存钱操作
create proc proc_CunQian@CardNo varchar(30),@MoneyInBank moneyas update BankCard set CardMoney = CardMoney + @MoneyInBank where CardNo = @CardNo insert into CardExchange(CardNo,MoneyInBank,MoneyOutBank,ExchangeTime) values(@CardNo,@MoneyInBank,0,GETDATE())--go
执行存储过程:
exec proc_CunQian '6225125478544587',3000
(3)有输入参数,没有输出参数,但是有返回值的存储过程(返回值必须整数)。
模拟银行卡取钱操作,传入银行卡号,取钱金额,实现取钱操作,取钱成功,返回1,取钱失败返回-1
create proc proc_QuQian@CardNo varchar(30),@MoneyOutBank moneyas update BankCard set CardMoney = CardMoney - @MoneyOutBank where CardNo = @CardNo if @@ERROR <> 0 return -1 insert into CardExchange(CardNo,MoneyInBank,MoneyOutBank,ExchangeTime) values(@CardNo,0,@MoneyOutBank,GETDATE()) return 1go
执行存储过程:
declare @returnValue intexec @returnValue = proc_QuQian '662018092100000002',1000000print @returnValue
(4)有输入参数,有输出参数的存储过程
查询出某时间段的银行存取款信息以及存款总金额,取款总金额,传入开始时间,结束时间,显示存取款交易信息的同时,返回存款总金额,取款总金额。
create proc proc_SelectExchange @startTime varchar(20), --开始时间 @endTime varchar(20), --结束时间 @SumIn money output, --存款总金额 @SumOut money output --取款总金额asselect @SumIn = (select SUM(MoneyInBank) from CardExchange where ExchangeTime between @startTime+' 00:00:00' and @endTime+' 23:59:59')select @SumOut = (select SUM(MoneyOutBank) from CardExchange where ExchangeTime between @startTime+' 00:00:00' and @endTime+' 23:59:59')select * from CardExchange where ExchangeTime between @startTime+' 00:00:00' and @endTime+' 23:59:59'go
执行存储过程:
declare @SumIn money --存款总金额declare @SumOut money --取款总金额exec proc_SelectExchange '2018-1-1','2018-12-31',@SumIn output,@SumOut outputselect @SumInselect @SumOut
(5)具有同时输入输出参数的存储过程
密码升级,传入用户名和密码,如果用户名密码正确,并且密码长度<8,自动升级成8位密码
--有输入输出参数(密码作为输入参数也作为输出参数)--密码升级,传入用户名和密码,如果用户名密码正确,并且密码长度<8,自动升级成8位密码select FLOOR(RAND()*10) --0-9之间随机数create proc procPwdUpgrade@cardno nvarchar(20),@pwd nvarchar(20) outputasif not exists(select * from BankCard where CardNo=@cardno and CardPwd=@pwd)set @pwd = ''elsebeginif len(@pwd) < 8begindeclare @len int = 8- len(@pwd)declare @i int = 1while @i <= @lenbeginset @pwd = @pwd + cast(FLOOR(RAND()*10) as varchar(1))set @i = @i+1endupdate BankCard set CardPwd = @pwd where CardNo=@cardnoendendgodeclare @pwd nvarchar(20) = '123456'exec procPwdUpgrade '6225547854125656',@pwd outputselect @pwd
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