先说总结
os.system：获取程序执行命令的返回值。os.popen： 获取程序执行命令的输出结果。commands：获取返回值和命令的输出结果。1 os.system()
这个方法是直接调用标准C的system() 函数，仅仅在一个子终端运行系统命令，而不能获取命令执行后的返回信息，但是会在python终端中打印输出。
os.system(cmd)的返回值。os.system(cmd)的返回值只会有0(成功),1,2。
如果执行成功，那么会返回0，表示命令执行成功。否则，则是执行错误。
脚本退出码
参考：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36380748/article/details/106787911
可以自己设定 sh 脚本，在脚本中插入返回码，这样就不会返回 0 了，而是返回码。
#!/bin/bash echo "hello world!" exit 1我们使用os.system()执行脚本：
>>> import os>>> cmd='./test.sh'>>> mm=os.system(cmd)hello world!>>> print (mm)256可以看到shell脚本执行完成后，返回的值是256，但是跟我们实际想要的值不一样：
os.system的返回值并不是执行程序的返回结果。而是一个16位的数，它的高位才是返回码。也就是说os.system()返回256即 0×0100，返回码应该是其高位0×01即1。
使用os.system返回值是脚本的退出状态码，该方法在调用完shell脚本后，返回一个16位的二进制数，低位为杀死所调用脚本的信号号码，高位为脚本的退出状态码。
os.system()返回值为0 linux命令返回值也为0。一般来说，返回 0 表示运行成功。
os.system()返回值为256，十六位二进制数示为：00000001，00000000，高八位转成十进制为 1 对应 linux命令返回值 1。
os.system()返回值为512，十六位二进制数示为：00000010，00000000，高八位转成十进制为 2 对应 linux命令返回值 2。
2 os.popen()
os.popen()方法不仅执行命令而且返回执行后的信息对象(常用于需要获取执行命令后的返回信息)，是通过一个管道文件将结果返回。通过 os.popen() 返回的是 file read 的对象，对其进行读取 read() 的操作可以看到执行的输出。
os.popen(cmd)会把执行的cmd的输出作为值返回。
import osresult = os.popen('cat /etc/passwd')print(result.read())对比不同
def ping2(host, n): cmd = "ping {} {} {}".format( "-n" if sys.platform.lower() == "win32" else "-c", n, host, ) return cmd, os.system(cmd) def ping3(host, n): cmd = "ping {} {} {}".format( "-n" if sys.platform.lower() == "win32" else "-c", n, host, ) return cmd, os.popen(cmd)
探究 ping3 输出的那个到底是啥：
3 commands 模块
import commandsstatus = commands.getstatus('cat /etc/passwd')print(status)output = commands.getoutput('cat /etc/passwd')print(output)(status, output) = commands.getstatusoutput('cat /etc/passwd')print(status, output)os.system() 返回结果大全
code 0 : succcessful"OS error code 1: Operation not permitted" "OS error code 2: No such file or directory" "OS error code 3: No such process" "OS error code 4: Interrupted system call" "OS error code 5: Input/output error" "OS error code 6: No such device or address" "OS error code 7: Argument list too long" "OS error code 8: Exec format error" "OS error code 9: Bad file descriptor" "OS error code 10: No child processes" "OS error code 11: Resource temporarily unavailable" "OS error code 12: Cannot allocate memory" "OS error code 13: Permission denied" "OS error code 14: Bad address" "OS error code 15: Block device required" "OS error code 16: Device or resource busy" "OS error code 17: File exists" "OS error code 18: Invalid cross-device link" "OS error code 19: No such device" "OS error code 20: Not a directory" "OS error code 21: Is a directory" "OS error code 22: Invalid argument" "OS error code 23: Too many open files in system" "OS error code 24: Too many open files" "OS error code 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device" "OS error code 26: Text file busy" "OS error code 27: File too large" "OS error code 28: No space left on device" "OS error code 29: Illegal seek" "OS error code 30: Read-only file system" "OS error code 31: Too many links" "OS error code 32: Broken pipe" "OS error code 33: Numerical argument out of domain" "OS error code 34: Numerical result out of range" "OS error code 35: Resource deadlock avoided" "OS error code 36: File name too long" "OS error code 37: No locks available" "OS error code 38: Function not implemented" "OS error code 39: Directory not empty" "OS error code 40: Too many levels of symbolic links" "OS error code 42: No message of desired type" "OS error code 43: Identifier removed" "OS error code 44: Channel number out of range" "OS error code 45: Level 2 not synchronized" "OS error code 46: Level 3 halted" "OS error code 47: Level 3 reset" "OS error code 48: Link number out of range" "OS error code 49: Protocol driver not attached" "OS error code 50: No CSI structure available" "OS error code 51: Level 2 halted" "OS error code 52: Invalid exchange" "OS error code 53: Invalid request descriptor" "OS error code 54: Exchange full" "OS error code 55: No anode" "OS error code 56: Invalid request code" "OS error code 57: Invalid slot" "OS error code 59: Bad font file format" "OS error code 60: Device not a stream" "OS error code 61: No data available" "OS error code 62: Timer expired" "OS error code 63: Out of streams resources" "OS error code 64: Machine is not on the network" "OS error code 65: Package not installed" "OS error code 66: Object is remote" "OS error code 67: Link has been severed" "OS error code 68: Advertise error" "OS error code 69: Srmount error" "OS error code 70: Communication error on send" "OS error code 71: Protocol error" "OS error code 72: Multihop attempted" "OS error code 73: RFS specific error" "OS error code 74: Bad message" "OS error code 75: Value too large for defined data type" "OS error code 76: Name not unique on network" "OS error code 77: File descriptor in bad state" "OS error code 78: Remote address changed" "OS error code 79: Can not access a needed shared library" "OS error code 80: Accessing a corrupted shared library" "OS error code 81: .lib section in a.out corrupted" "OS error code 82: Attempting to link in too many shared libraries" "OS error code 83: Cannot exec a shared library directly" "OS error code 84: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character" "OS error code 85: Interrupted system call should be restarted" "OS error code 86: Streams pipe error" "OS error code 87: Too many users" "OS error code 88: Socket operation on non-socket" "OS error code 89: Destination address required" "OS error code 90: Message too long" "OS error code 91: Protocol wrong type for socket" "OS error code 92: Protocol not available" "OS error code 93: Protocol not supported" "OS error code 94: Socket type not supported" "OS error code 95: Operation not supported" "OS error code 96: Protocol family not supported" "OS error code 97: Address family not supported by protocol" "OS error code 98: Address already in use" "OS error code 99: Cannot assign requested address" "OS error code 100: Network is down" "OS error code 101: Network is unreachable" "OS error code 102: Network dropped connection on reset" "OS error code 103: Software caused connection abort" "OS error code 104: Connection reset by peer" "OS error code 105: No buffer space available" "OS error code 106: Transport endpoint is already connected" "OS error code 107: Transport endpoint is not connected" "OS error code 108: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown" "OS error code 109: Too many references: cannot splice" "OS error code 110: Connection timed out" "OS error code 111: Connection refused" "OS error code 112: Host is down" "OS error code 113: No route to host" "OS error code 114: Operation already in progress" "OS error code 115: Operation now in progress" "OS error code 116: Stale NFS file handle" "OS error code 117: Structure needs cleaning" "OS error code 118: Not a XENIX named type file" "OS error code 119: No XENIX semaphores available" "OS error code 120: Is a named type file" "OS error code 121: Remote I/O error" "OS error code 122: Disk quota exceeded" "OS error code 123: No medium found" "OS error code 124: Wrong medium type" "OS error code 125: Operation canceled" "OS error code 126: Required key not available" "OS error code 127: Key has expired" "OS error code 128: Key has been revoked" "OS error code 129: Key was rejected by service" "OS error code 130: Owner died" "OS error code 131: State not recoverable"来源地址：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42468475/article/details/128250078
