列表推导式提供了一个更简单的创建列表的方法。常见的用法是把某种操作应用于序列或可迭代对象的每个元素上,然后使用其结果来创建列表,或者通过满足某些特定条件元素来创建子序列。
例如,假设我们想创建一个平方列表,像这样
>>> squares = []
>>> for x in range(10):
... squares.append(x**2)
...
>>> squares
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
注意这里创建(或被重写)的名为 x
的变量在for循环后仍然存在。我们可以计算平方列表的值而不会产生任何副作用
squares = list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(10)))
或者,等价于
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
上面这种写法更加简洁易读。
Python列表推导式的结构是由一对方括号所包含的以下内容:一个表达式,后面跟一个 for
子句,然后是零个或多个 for
或 if
子句。 其结果将是一个新列表,由对表达式依据后面的 for
和 if
子句的内容进行求值计算而得出。 举例来说,以下列表推导式会将两个列表中不相等的元素组合起来:
>>> [(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y]
[(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]
而它等价于
>>> combs = []
>>> for x in [1,2,3]:
... for y in [3,1,4]:
... if x != y:
... combs.append((x, y))
...
>>> combs
[(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]
注意在上面两个代码片段中, for
和 if
的顺序是相同的。
如果表达式是一个Python元组(例如上面的 (x, y)
),那么就必须加上括号
>>> vec = [-4, -2, 0, 2, 4]
>>> # create a new list with the values doubled
>>> [x*2 for x in vec]
[-8, -4, 0, 4, 8]
>>> # filter the list to exclude negative numbers
>>> [x for x in vec if x >= 0]
[0, 2, 4]
>>> # apply a function to all the elements
>>> [abs(x) for x in vec]
[4, 2, 0, 2, 4]
>>> # call a method on each element
>>> freshfruit = [' banana', ' loganberry ', 'passion fruit ']
>>> [weapon.strip() for weapon in freshfruit]
['banana', 'loganberry', 'passion fruit']
>>> # create a list of 2-tuples like (number, square)
>>> [(x, x**2) for x in range(6)]
[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25)]
>>> # the tuple must be parenthesized, otherwise an error is raised
>>> [x, x**2 for x in range(6)]
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
[x, x**2 for x in range(6)]
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> # flatten a list using a listcomp with two 'for'
>>> vec = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
>>> [num for elem in vec for num in elem]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
列表推导式可以使用复杂的表达式和嵌套函数
>>> from math import pi
>>> [str(round(pi, i)) for i in range(1, 6)]
['3.1', '3.14', '3.142', '3.1416', '3.14159']
嵌套的列表推导式
列表推导式中的初始表达式可以是任何表达式,包括另一个列表推导式。
考虑下面这个 3x4的矩阵,它由3个长度为4的列表组成
>>> matrix = [
... [1, 2, 3, 4],
... [5, 6, 7, 8],
... [9, 10, 11, 12],
... ]
下面的列表推导式将交换其行和列
>>> [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)]
[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]
如上节所示,嵌套的列表推导式是基于跟随其后的 for
进行求值的,所以这个例子等价于:
>>> transposed = []
>>> for i in range(4):
... transposed.append([row[i] for row in matrix])
...
>>> transposed
[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]
反过来说,也等价于
>>> transposed = []
>>> for i in range(4):
... # the following 3 lines implement the nested listcomp
... transposed_row = []
... for row in matrix:
... transposed_row.append(row[i])
... transposed.append(transposed_row)
...
>>> transposed
[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]
实际应用中,你应该会更喜欢使用内置函数去组成复杂的流程语句。 zip()
函数将会很好地处理这种情况
>>> list(zip(*matrix))
[(1, 5, 9), (2, 6, 10), (3, 7, 11), (4, 8, 12)]