1.xpath
1.1 xpath使用
- google提前安装xpath插件，按ctrl + shift + x 出现小黑框
- 安装lxml库
pip install lxml ‐i https://pypi.douban.com/simple - 导入lxml.etree
from lxml import etree - etree.parse() 解析本地文件
html_tree = etree.parse('XX.html') - etree.HTML() 服务器响应文件
html_tree = etree.HTML(response.read().decode('utf‐8') - .html_tree.xpath(xpath路径)
1.2 xpath基本语法
1.路径查询
- 查找所有子孙节点，不考虑层级关系
- 找直接子节点
2.谓词查询
//div[@id]
//div[@id="maincontent"] 3.属性查询
//@class 4.模糊查询
//div[contains(@id, "he")]
//div[starts‐with(@id, "he")] 5.内容查询
//div/h1/text() 6.逻辑运算
//div[@id="head" and @class="s_down"]
//title | //price1.3 示例
xpath.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li id="l1" class="class1">北京</li>
<li id="l2" class="class2">上海</li>
<li id="d1">广州</li>
<li>深圳</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>from lxml import etree
# xpath解析
# 本地文件： etree.parse
# 服务器相应的数据 response.read().decode('utf-8') etree.HTML()
tree = etree.parse('xpath.html')
# 查找url下边的li
li_list = tree.xpath('//body/ul/li')
print(len(li_list)) # 4
# 获取标签中的内容
li_list = tree.xpath('//body/ul/li/text()')
print(li_list) # ['北京', '上海', '广州', '深圳']
# 获取带id属性的li
li_list = tree.xpath('//ul/li[@id]')
print(len(li_list)) # 3
# 获取id为l1的标签内容
li_list = tree.xpath('//ul/li[@id="l1"]/text()')
print(li_list) # ['北京']
# 获取id为l1的class属性值
c1 = tree.xpath('//ul/li[@id="l1"]/@class')
print(c1) # ['class1']
# 获取id中包含l的标签
li_list = tree.xpath('//ul/li[contains(@id, "l")]/text()')
print(li_list) # ['北京', '上海']
# 获取id以d开头的标签
li_list = tree.xpath('//ul/li[starts-with(@id,"d")]/text()')
print(li_list) # ['广州']
# 获取id为l2并且class为class2的标签
li_list = tree.xpath('//ul/li[@id="l2" and @class="class2"]/text()')
print(li_list) # ['上海']
# 获取id为l2或id为d1的标签
li_list = tree.xpath('//ul/li[@id="l2"]/text() | //ul/li[@id="d1"]/text()')
print(li_list) # ['上海', '广州']1.4 爬取百度搜索按钮的value
import urllib.request
from lxml import etree
url = 'http://www.baidu.com'
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
}
request = urllib.request.Request(url=url, headers=headers)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
content = response.read().decode('utf-8')
tree = etree.HTML(content)
value = tree.xpath('//input[@id="su"]/@value')
print(value)
1.5 爬取站长素材的图片
# 需求 下载的前十页的图片
# https://sc.chinaz.com/tupian/qinglvtupian.html 1
# https://sc.chinaz.com/tupian/qinglvtupian_page.html
import urllib.request
from lxml import etree
def create_request(page):
if (page == 1):
url = 'https://sc.chinaz.com/tupian/qinglvtupian.html'
else:
url = 'https://sc.chinaz.com/tupian/qinglvtupian_' + str(page) + '.html'
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/92.0.4515.159 Safari/537.36',
}
request = urllib.request.Request(url=url, headers=headers)
return request
def get_content(request):
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
content = response.read().decode('utf-8')
return content
def down_load(content):
# 下载图片
# urllib.request.urlretrieve('图片地址','文件的名字')
tree = etree.HTML(content)
name_list = tree.xpath('//div[@id="container"]//a/img/@alt')
# 一般设计图片的网站都会进行懒加载
src_list = tree.xpath('//div[@id="container"]//a/img/@src2')
print(src_list)
for i in range(len(name_list)):
name = name_list[i]
src = src_list[i]
url = 'https:' + src
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url=url, filename='./loveImg/' + name + '.jpg')
if __name__ == '__main__':
start_page = int(input('请输入起始页码'))
end_page = int(input('请输入结束页码'))
for page in range(start_page, end_page + 1):
# (1) 请求对象的定制
request = create_request(page)
# （2）获取网页的源码
content = get_content(request)
# （3）下载
down_load(content)2. JsonPath
2.1 pip安装
pip install jsonpath 2.2 jsonpath的使用
obj = json.load(open('json文件', 'r', encoding='utf‐8'))
ret = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, 'jsonpath语法') JSONPath语法元素和对应XPath元素的对比：
示例：
jsonpath.json
{ "store": {
"book": [
{ "category": "修真",
"author": "六道",
"title": "坏蛋是怎样练成的",
"price": 8.95
},
{ "category": "修真",
"author": "天蚕土豆",
"title": "斗破苍穹",
"price": 12.99
},
{ "category": "修真",
"author": "唐家三少",
"title": "斗罗大陆",
"isbn": "0-553-21311-3",
"price": 8.99
},
{ "category": "修真",
"author": "南派三叔",
"title": "星辰变",
"isbn": "0-395-19395-8",
"price": 22.99
}
],
"bicycle": {
"author": "老马",
"color": "黑色",
"price": 19.95
}
}
}import json
import jsonpath
obj = json.load(open('jsonpath.json', 'r', encoding='utf-8'))
# 书店所有书的作者
author_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, '$.store.book[*].author')
print(author_list) # ['六道', '天蚕土豆', '唐家三少', '南派三叔']
# 所有的作者
author_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, '$..author')
print(author_list) # ['六道', '天蚕土豆', '唐家三少', '南派三叔', '老马']
# store下面的所有的元素
tag_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, '$.store.*')
print(
tag_list) # [[{'category': '修真', 'author': '六道', 'title': '坏蛋是怎样练成的', 'price': 8.95}, {'category': '修真', 'author': '天蚕土豆', 'title': '斗破苍穹', 'price': 12.99}, {'category': '修真', 'author': '唐家三少', 'title': '斗罗大陆', 'isbn': '0-553-21311-3', 'price': 8.99}, {'category': '修真', 'author': '南派三叔', 'title': '星辰变', 'isbn': '0-395-19395-8', 'price': 22.99}], {'author': '老马', 'color': '黑色', 'price': 19.95}]
# store里面所有东西的price
price_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, '$.store..price')
print(price_list) # [8.95, 12.99, 8.99, 22.99, 19.95]
# 第三个书
book = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, '$..book[2]')
print(book) # [{'category': '修真', 'author': '唐家三少', 'title': '斗罗大陆', 'isbn': '0-553-21311-3', 'price': 8.99}]
# 最后一本书
book = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, '$..book[(@.length-1)]')
print(book) # [{'category': '修真', 'author': '南派三叔', 'title': '星辰变', 'isbn': '0-395-19395-8', 'price': 22.99}]
# 前面的两本书
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, '$..book[0,1]')
# book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj,'$..book[:2]')
print(
book_list) # [{'category': '修真', 'author': '六道', 'title': '坏蛋是怎样练成的', 'price': 8.95}, {'category': '修真', 'author': '天蚕土豆', 'title': '斗破苍穹', 'price': 12.99}]
# 条件过滤需要在（）的前面添加一个？
# 过滤出所有的包含isbn的书。
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, '$..book[?(@.isbn)]')
print(
book_list) # [{'category': '修真', 'author': '唐家三少', 'title': '斗罗大陆', 'isbn': '0-553-21311-3', 'price': 8.99}, {'category': '修真', 'author': '南派三叔', 'title': '星辰变', 'isbn': '0-395-19395-8', 'price': 22.99}]
# 哪本书超过了10块钱
book_list = jsonpath.jsonpath(obj, '$..book[?(@.price>10)]')
print(
book_list) # [{'category': '修真', 'author': '天蚕土豆', 'title': '斗破苍穹', 'price': 12.99}, {'category': '修真', 'author': '南派三叔', 'title': '星辰变', 'isbn': '0-395-19395-8', 'price': 22.99}]3. BeautifulSoup
3.1 基本简介
1.安装
pip install bs4
2.导入
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
3.创建对象
- 服务器响应的文件生成对象 soup = BeautifulSoup(response.read().decode(), 'lxml')
- 本地文件生成对象 soup = BeautifulSoup(open('1.html'), 'lxml')
注意：默认打开文件的编码格式gbk所以需要指定打开编码格式utf-8
3.2 安装以及创建
1.根据标签名查找节点
soup.a 【注】只能找到第一个a
soup.a.name
soup.a.attrs
2.函数
(1).find(返回一个对象)
find('a')：只找到第一个a标签
find('a', title='名字')
find('a', class_='名字')
(2).find_all(返回一个列表)
find_all('a') 查找到所有的a
find_all(['a', 'span']) 返回所有的a和span
find_all('a', limit=2) 只找前两个a
(3).select(根据选择器得到节点对象)【推荐】
1.element
eg:p
2..class
eg:.firstname
3.#id
eg:#firstname
4.属性选择器
[attribute]
eg:li = soup.select('li[class]')
[attribute=value]
eg:li = soup.select('li[class="hengheng1"]')
5.层级选择器
element element
div p
element>element
div>p
element,element
div,p
eg:soup = soup.select('a,span')3.3 节点定位
1.根据标签名查找节点
soup.a 【注】只能找到第一个a
soup.a.name
soup.a.attrs
2.函数
(1).find(返回一个对象)
find('a')：只找到第一个a标签
find('a', title='名字')
find('a', class_='名字')
(2).find_all(返回一个列表)
find_all('a') 查找到所有的a
find_all(['a', 'span']) 返回所有的a和span
find_all('a', limit=2) 只找前两个a
(3).select(根据选择器得到节点对象)【推荐】
1.element
eg:p
2..class
eg:.firstname
3.#id
eg:#firstname
4.属性选择器
[attribute]
eg:li = soup.select('li[class]')
[attribute=value]
eg:li = soup.select('li[class="hengheng1"]')
5.层级选择器
element element
div p
element>element
div>p
element,element
div,p
eg:soup = soup.select('a,span')3.5 节点信息
(1).获取节点内容：适用于标签中嵌套标签的结构
obj.string
obj.get_text()【推荐】
(2).节点的属性
tag.name 获取标签名
eg:tag = find('li)
print(tag.name)
tag.attrs将属性值作为一个字典返回
(3).获取节点属性
obj.attrs.get('title')【常用】
obj.get('title')
obj['title'](1).获取节点内容：适用于标签中嵌套标签的结构
obj.string
obj.get_text()【推荐】
(2).节点的属性
tag.name 获取标签名
eg:tag = find('li)
print(tag.name)
tag.attrs将属性值作为一个字典返回
(3).获取节点属性
obj.attrs.get('title')【常用】
obj.get('title')
obj['title']3.6 使用示例
bs4.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<ul>
<li id="l1">张三</li>
<li id="l2">李四</li>
<li>王五</li>
<a href="" id=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" " class="a1">google</a>
<span>嘿嘿嘿</span>
</ul>
</div>
<a href="" title=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" a2">百度</a>
<div id="d1">
<span>
哈哈哈
</span>
</div>
<p id="p1" class="p1">呵呵呵</p>
</body>
</html>from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
# 通过解析本地文件 来将bs4的基础语法进行讲解
# 默认打开的文件的编码格式是gbk 所以在打开文件的时候需要指定编码
soup = BeautifulSoup(open('bs4.html', encoding='utf-8'), 'lxml')
# 根据标签名查找节点
# 找到的是第一个符合条件的数据
print(soup.a) # <a class="a1" href="" id=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ">google</a>
# 获取标签的属性和属性值
print(soup.a.attrs) # {'href': '', 'id': '', 'class': ['a1']}
# bs4的一些函数
# （1）find
# 返回的是第一个符合条件的数据
print(soup.find('a')) # <a class="a1" href="" id=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ">google</a>
# 根据title的值来找到对应的标签对象
print(soup.find('a', title="a2")) # <a href="" title=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" a2">百度</a>
# 根据class的值来找到对应的标签对象 注意的是class需要添加下划线
print(soup.find('a', class_="a1")) # <a class="a1" href="" id=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ">google</a>
# （2）find_all 返回的是一个列表 并且返回了所有的a标签
print(soup.find_all('a')) # [<a class="a1" href="" id=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ">google</a>, <a href="" title=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" a2">百度</a>]
# 如果想获取的是多个标签的数据 那么需要在find_all的参数中添加的是列表的数据
print(soup.find_all(['a','span'])) # [<a class="a1" href="" id=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ">google</a>, <span>嘿嘿嘿</span>, <a href="" title=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" a2">百</a><spa哈</span>]
# limit的作用是查找前几个数据
print(soup.find_all('li', limit=2)) # [<li id="l1">张三</li>, <li id="l2">李四</li>]
# （3）select（推荐）
# select方法返回的是一个列表 并且会返回多个数据
print(soup.select('a')) # [<a class="a1" href="" id=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ">google</a>, <a href="" title=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" a2">百度</a>]
# 可以通过.代表class 我们把这种操作叫做类选择器
print(soup.select('.a1')) # [<a class="a1" href="" id=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ">google</a>]
print(soup.select('#l1')) # [<li id="l1">张三</li>]
# 属性选择器---通过属性来寻找对应的标签
# 查找到li标签中有id的标签
print(soup.select('li[id]')) # [<li id="l1">张三</li>, <li id="l2">李四</li>]
# 查找到li标签中id为l2的标签
print(soup.select('li[id="l2"]')) # [<li id="l2">李四</li>]
# 层级选择器
# 后代选择器
# 找到的是div下面的li
print(soup.select('div li')) # [<li id="l1">张三</li>, <li id="l2">李四</li>, <li>王五</li>]
# 子代选择器
# 某标签的第一级子标签
# 注意：很多的计算机编程语言中 如果不加空格不会输出内容 但是在bs4中 不会报错 会显示内容
print(soup.select('div > ul > li')) # [<li id="l1">张三</li>, <li id="l2">李四</li>, <li>王五</li>]
# 找到a标签和li标签的所有的对象
print(soup.select(
'a,li')) # [<li id="l1">张三</li>, <li id="l2">李四</li>, <li>王五</li>, <a class="a1" href="" id=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" ">google</a>, <a href="" title=" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" a2">百度</a>]
# 节点信息
# 获取节点内容
obj = soup.select('#d1')[0]
# 如果标签对象中 只有内容 那么string和get_text()都可以使用
# 如果标签对象中 除了内容还有标签 那么string就获取不到数据 而get_text()是可以获取数据
# 我们一般情况下 推荐使用get_text()
print(obj.string) # None
print(obj.get_text()) # 哈哈哈
# 节点的属性
obj = soup.select('#p1')[0]
# name是标签的名字
print(obj.name) # p
# 将属性值左右一个字典返回
print(obj.attrs) # {'id': 'p1', 'class': ['p1']}
# 获取节点的属性
obj = soup.select('#p1')[0]
#
print(obj.attrs.get('class')) # ['p1']
print(obj.get('class')) # ['p1']
print(obj['class']) # ['p1']3.7 解析星巴克产品名称
import urllib.request
url = 'https://www.starbucks.com.cn/menu/'
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
content = response.read().decode('utf-8')
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(content,'lxml')
# //ul[@class="grid padded-3 product"]//strong/text()
# 一般先用xpath方式通过google插件写好解析的表达式
name_list = soup.select('ul[class="grid padded-3 product"] strong')
for name in name_list:
print(name.get_text())
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