Turtle图形库
Turtle 库是 Python 内置的图形化模块,属于标准库之一,位于 Python 安装目录的 lib 文件夹下,常用函数有以下几种:
画布是turtle用于绘图区域,我们可以设置它的大小和初始位置。
1.设置画布大小
turtle.screensize(canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)
,参数分别对应画布的宽(单位像素), 高, 背景颜色。
turtle.screensize(1000,800, "blue")turtle.screensize() #返回默认大小(500, 400)turtle.setup(width=0.5, height=0.75, startx=None, starty=None)
width, height: 输入宽和高为整数时, 表示像素; 为小数时, 表示占据电脑屏幕的比例,(startx, starty): 这一坐标表示矩形窗口左上角顶点的位置, 如果为空,则窗口位于屏幕中心。
2.画笔的状态
在画布上,默认有一个坐标原点为画布中心的坐标轴,坐标原点上有一只面朝x轴正方向小乌龟。这里我们描述小乌龟时使用了两个词语:坐标原点(位置),面朝x轴正方向(方向), turtle绘图中,就是使用位置方向描述小乌龟(画笔)的状态。
turtle.pensize() # 设置画笔的宽度;turtle.pencolor()# 没有参数传入,返回当前画笔颜色,传入参数设置画笔颜色,可以是字符串如"green", "red",也可以是RGB 3元组。turtle.speed(speed)#设置画笔移动速度,画笔绘制的速度范围[0,10]整数,数字越大越快。
使用turtle绘图主要分为3种命令代码,分别为运动命令、画笔控制命令和全局控制命令。
画笔运动命令代码
turtle.forward(distance)—向当前画笔方向移动distance像素长度
turtle.backward(distance)—向当前画笔相反方向移动distance像素长度
turtle.right(degree)—顺时针移动degree° turtle.left(degree)—逆时针移动degree°
turtle.pendown()—移动时绘制图形,缺省时也为绘制 turtle.goto(x,y)—将画笔移动到坐标为x,y的位置
turtle.penup()—提起笔移动,不绘制图形,用于另起一个地方绘制
turtle.circle()—画圆,半径为正(负),表示圆心在画笔的左边(右边)画圆 setx( )—将当前x轴移动到指定位置
sety( )—将当前y轴移动到指定位置 setheading(angle)—设置当前朝向为angle角度
home()—设置当前画笔位置为原点,朝向东 dot®—绘制一个指定直径和颜色的圆点
画笔控制命令代码
turtle.fillcolor(colorstring)—绘制图形的填充颜色 turtle.color(color1,color2)—同时设置pencolor=color1, fillcolor=color2
turtle.filling()—返回当前是否在填充状态 turtle.begin_fill()—准备开始填充图形
turtle.end_fill()—填充完成 turtle.hideturtle()—隐藏画笔的turtle形状
turtle.showturtle()—显示画笔的turtle形状
全局控制命令代码
turtle.clear()—清空turtle窗口,但是turtle的位置和状态不会改变
turtle.reset()—清空窗口,重置turtle状态为起始状态 turtle.undo()—撤销上一个turtle动作
turtle.isvisible()—返回当前turtle是否可见 stamp()—复制当前图形
turtle.write(s[,font=(“fontname”,font_size,“font_type”)])—文本,s为文本内容,font是字体的参数,分别为字体名称,大小和类型;font为可选项,font参数也是可选项
0.樱花树
from turtle import *from random import *from math import *def tree(n, l): pd () # 下笔 # 阴影效果 t = cos ( radians ( heading () + 45 ) ) / 8 + 0.25 pencolor ( t, t, t ) pensize ( n / 3 ) forward ( l ) # 画树枝 if n > 0: b = random () * 15 + 10 # 右分支偏转角度 c = random () * 15 + 10 # 左分支偏转角度 d = l * (random () * 0.25 + 0.7) # 下一个分支的长度 # 右转一定角度,画右分支 right ( b ) tree ( n - 1, d ) # 左转一定角度,画左分支 left ( b + c ) tree ( n - 1, d ) # 转回来 right ( c ) else: # 画叶子 right ( 90 ) n = cos ( radians ( heading () - 45 ) ) / 4 + 0.5 ran = random () # 这里相比于原来随机添加了填充的圆圈,让樱花叶子看起来更多一点 if (ran > 0.7): begin_fill () circle ( 3 ) fillcolor ( 'pink' ) # 把原来随机生成的叶子换成了统一的粉色 pencolor ( "pink" ) circle ( 3 ) if (ran > 0.7): end_fill () left ( 90 ) # 添加0.3倍的飘落叶子 if (random () > 0.7): pu () # 飘落 t = heading () an = -40 + random () * 40 setheading ( an ) dis = int ( 800 * random () * 0.5 + 400 * random () * 0.3 + 200 * random () * 0.2 ) forward ( dis ) setheading ( t ) # 画叶子 pd () right ( 90 ) n = cos ( radians ( heading () - 45 ) ) / 4 + 0.5 pencolor ( n * 0.5 + 0.5, 0.4 + n * 0.4, 0.4 + n * 0.4 ) circle ( 2 ) left ( 90 ) pu () # 返回 t = heading () setheading ( an ) backward ( dis ) setheading ( t ) pu () backward ( l ) # 退回bgcolor ( 0.956, 0.9255, 0.9882 ) # 设置背景色(把灰色换成淡紫色)ht () # 隐藏turtlespeed ( 0 ) # 速度 1-10渐进,0 最快tracer ( 0, 0 )pu () # 抬笔backward ( 50 )left ( 90 ) # 左转90度pu () # 抬笔backward ( 300 ) # 后退300tree ( 12, 100 ) # 递归7层done ()
参考:http://t.csdn.cn/WHTgS
1.彩色螺旋线
from turtle import *import turtlet = Turtle()t.pensize(2)turtle.bgcolor("black")colors = ["red", "yellow", 'purple', 'blue']t._tracer(False)for x in range(400): for y in range(200): t.forward(x * y) t.color(colors[x % 4]) t.left(91)t._tracer(True)done()
2.小蟒蛇
import turtleturtle.penup()turtle.pencolor("blue")turtle.forward(-200)turtle.pendown()turtle.pensize(10)turtle.right(45)for i in range(4): turtle.circle(40, 100) turtle.circle(-40, 60)turtle.circle(40, 80 / 2)turtle.fd(30)turtle.circle(16, 150)turtle.fd(100)turtle.done()
3.画佩奇
import timeimport turtle as tt.pensize(4) # 设置画笔的大小t.colormode(255) # 设置GBK颜色范围为0-255t.color((255,155,192),"pink") # 设置画笔颜色和填充颜色(pink)t.setup(840,500) # 设置主窗口的大小为840*500t.speed(10) # 设置画笔速度为10#鼻子t.pu() # 提笔t.goto(-100,100) # 画笔前往F坐标(-100,100)t.pd() # 下笔t.seth(-30) # 笔的角度为-30°t.begin_fill() # 外形填充的开始标志a=0.4for i in range(120): if 0 <= i < 30 or 60 <= i < 90: a=a+0.08 t.lt(3) #向左转3度 t.fd(a) #向前走a的步长 else: a=a-0.08 t.lt(3) t.fd(a)t.end_fill() # 依据轮廓填充t.pu() # 提笔t.seth(90) # 笔的角度为90度t.fd(25) # 向前移动25t.seth(0) # 转换画笔的角度为0t.fd(10)t.pd()t.pencolor(255,155,192) # 设置画笔颜色t.seth(10)t.begin_fill()t.circle(5) # 画一个半径为5的圆t.color(160,82,45) # 设置画笔和填充颜色t.end_fill()t.pu()t.seth(0)t.fd(20)t.pd()t.pencolor(255,155,192)t.seth(10)t.begin_fill()t.circle(5)t.color(160,82,45)t.end_fill()#头t.color((255,155,192),"pink")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(41)t.seth(0)t.fd(0)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.seth(180)t.circle(300,-30) # 顺时针画一个半径为300,圆心角为30°的园t.circle(100,-60)t.circle(80,-100)t.circle(150,-20)t.circle(60,-95)t.seth(161)t.circle(-300,15)t.pu()t.goto(-100,100)t.pd()t.seth(-30)a=0.4for i in range(60): if 0<=i<30 or 60<=i<90: a=a+0.08 t.lt(3) #向左转3度 t.fd(a) #向前走a的步长 else: a=a-0.08 t.lt(3) t.fd(a) t.end_fill()#耳朵t.color((255,155,192),"pink")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-7)t.seth(0)t.fd(70)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.seth(100)t.circle(-50,50)t.circle(-10,120)t.circle(-50,54)t.end_fill()t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-12)t.seth(0)t.fd(30)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.seth(100)t.circle(-50,50)t.circle(-10,120)t.circle(-50,56)t.end_fill()#眼睛t.color((255,155,192),"white")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-20)t.seth(0)t.fd(-95)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(15)t.end_fill()t.color("black")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(12)t.seth(0)t.fd(-3)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(3)t.end_fill()t.color((255,155,192),"white")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-25)t.seth(0)t.fd(40)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(15)t.end_fill()t.color("black")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(12)t.seth(0)t.fd(-3)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(3)t.end_fill()#腮t.color((255,155,192))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-95)t.seth(0)t.fd(65)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(30)t.end_fill()#嘴t.color(239,69,19)t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(15)t.seth(0)t.fd(-100)t.pd()t.seth(-80)t.circle(30,40)t.circle(40,80)#身体t.color("red",(255,99,71))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-20)t.seth(0)t.fd(-78)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.seth(-130)t.circle(100,10)t.circle(300,30)t.seth(0)t.fd(230)t.seth(90)t.circle(300,30)t.circle(100,3)t.color((255,155,192),(255,100,100))t.seth(-135)t.circle(-80,63)t.circle(-150,24)t.end_fill()#手t.color((255,155,192))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-40)t.seth(0)t.fd(-27)t.pd()t.seth(-160)t.circle(300,15)t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(15)t.seth(0)t.fd(0)t.pd()t.seth(-10)t.circle(-20,90)t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(30)t.seth(0)t.fd(237)t.pd()t.seth(-20)t.circle(-300,15)t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(20)t.seth(0)t.fd(0)t.pd()t.seth(-170)t.circle(20,90)#脚t.pensize(10)t.color((240,128,128))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-75)t.seth(0)t.fd(-180)t.pd()t.seth(-90)t.fd(40)t.seth(-180)t.color("black")t.pensize(15)t.fd(20)t.pensize(10)t.color((240,128,128))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(40)t.seth(0)t.fd(90)t.pd()t.seth(-90)t.fd(40)t.seth(-180)t.color("black")t.pensize(15)t.fd(20)# 尾巴t.pensize(4)t.color((255,155,192))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(70)t.seth(0)t.fd(95)t.pd()t.seth(0)t.circle(70,20)t.circle(10,330)t.circle(70,30)
参考:http://t.csdn.cn/fimSO
风和日丽图
# coding=utf-8# code by me# 引用海龟库以及随机库import turtle as timport randomimport timelight = t.Turtle(visible=False)wind = t.Turtle(visible=False)def canvas(size_x=1200, size_y=900): # 设置画布,有默认值 t.setup(size_x, size_y)# 设置线的颜色以及sizedef pencil(size=5, color="black"): t.pensize(size) t.pencolor(color)def sun(): # 绘制太阳 light.pensize(5) light.pencolor("black") sec = int(time.time()) t.penup() # 画红色点 t.goto(-530, 310) t.pendown() t.dot(100, "red") for i in range(1, 19): # 阳光效果 light.penup() light.goto(-530, 310) light.seth(i * 20) light.forward(55) light.pendown() if (i + sec) % 2 == 1: light.forward(15) else: light.forward(7)def plant(): # 绘制天空以及大地 t.penup() # 每个绘制函数开头都写了这个,防止龟龟绘制另外的图像移动时留下痕迹 length = 900 * 0.318 # 将画布的纵向黄金分割 t.home() t.goto(600, -450) t.fillcolor("#DAA520") # 分割填充大地 t.begin_fill() t.left(90) t.forward(length) t.left(90) t.forward(1200) t.left(90) t.forward(length) t.left(90) t.forward(1200) t.end_fill() t.home() # 填充天空 t.goto(600, length - 450) t.fillcolor("#B0C4DE") t.begin_fill() t.left(90) t.forward(900 - length) t.left(90) t.forward(1200) t.left(90) t.forward(900 - length) t.left(90) t.forward(1200) t.end_fill()def butterfly(pos_x=0, pos_y=0): # 绘制蝴蝶,这里会随机生成位置以及蝴蝶大小、颜色 light.penup() light.goto(pos_x, pos_y) light.pendown() light.pensize(2) light.seth(45) color = ["#FF00FF", "#87CEFA", "#0000EE", "#FF4500", "#00FF00", "#00E5EE", "#FFFAFA"] # 一个颜色表,以及size表 size = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] tep_size = random.choice(size) light.fillcolor(random.choice(color)) light.begin_fill() light.circle(tep_size, 270) # 绘制翅膀 light.right(135) light.pensize(3) light.forward(tep_size / 2) light.right(45) light.forward(tep_size / 2) light.back(tep_size / 2) light.left(70) light.forward(tep_size / 2) light.back(tep_size / 2) light.right(25) light.pensize(4) light.back(2.05 * tep_size) light.seth(-90) light.pensize(2) light.circle(tep_size, -180) light.pensize(4) light.left(90) light.forward(tep_size * 2) light.back(tep_size * 2.5) light.end_fill()def botany(pos_x=0, pos_y=0, direction=0, flower=1, bend=10): # 植物函数,绘制向日葵,向日葵会迎风倒,效果很到位 light.pensize(3) light.pencolor("black") light.penup() light.goto(pos_x, pos_y) light.pendown() light.left(90) light.fillcolor("#00CD00") light.begin_fill() light.circle(50, 90) # 绘制叶片 light.left(90) light.circle(50, 90) light.penup() light.goto(pos_x, pos_y) light.pendown() light.seth(-90) light.pensize(6) light.forward(50) light.back(50) light.pensize(3) light.circle(50, -90) light.right(90) light.circle(50, -90) light.end_fill() if flower: # 判断是否有花,这里默认有花 light.penup() light.goto(pos_x, pos_y) light.pendown() light.pensize(4) if direction: light.seth(80) # 绘制秆 light.circle(130 - 5 * bend, 70 + 5 * bend, None) else: light.seth(-80) light.circle(130 - 5 * bend, -70 - 5 * bend, None) light.right(180) tep_x, tep_y = light.xcor(), light.ycor() light.forward(13) light.right(30) for i in range(6): # 绘制花瓣 light.fillcolor("#FFD700") light.begin_fill() light.circle(15, 300) light.left(120) light.end_fill() light.goto(tep_x, tep_y) light.dot(36, "#FFB90F")def cloud(pos_x=0, pos_y=0, size=20): # 绘制云 pos = int(time.time()) pos %= 50 light.penup() # 云没有要边框,所以没有pendown light.goto(pos*8+pos_x, pos_y) light.fillcolor("#E6E6FA") light.begin_fill() light.seth(-80) light.circle(size, 110) for i in range(1, 6): # 绘制下半部分 light.right(100) light.circle(size, 110) light.left(120) for i in range(1, 7): # 绘制上半部分,上边进行了六次循环,但是之前就进行了一次绘制,这里有七次循环 light.right(100) light.circle(size, 110) light.end_fill()# def draw(x, y): # 这里是之前调试用的拖拽函数响应函数,不需使用# t.goto(x, y)# print(t.xcor(), t.ycor())# def person(pos_x=0, pos_y=0): # 绘制人的函数,效果很拉跨,舍弃# t.penup()# t.goto(pos_x, pos_y)# t.pendown()## t.dot(44, "#FFDEAD")# t.right(90)# t.penup()# t.forward(25)# t.right(15)# t.pendown()# pencil(10)# t.forward(50)## t.right(35)# t.forward(50)# t.back(50)# t.left(90)# t.forward(27)# t.right(110)# t.forward(23)## t.penup()# t.goto(pos_x, pos_y)# t.seth(-90)# t.forward(25)# t.right(15)# t.forward(20)# t.right(60)# t.pendown()# t.forward(50)# tep_x1, tep_y1 = t.xcor(), t.ycor()# t.back(50)# t.right(160)# t.forward(30)# t.seth(90)# t.forward(20)## t.penup()# t.goto(tep_x1, tep_y1)# t.seth(-145)# pencil(6)# t.pendown()# t.forward(50)# t.right(90)# t.forward(20)# t.right(90)# t.forward(15)# t.right(90)# t.forward(20)# t.left(90)# t.forward(150)def star(pos_x=0, pos_y=0, size=10): # 绘制星星函数 color = ["#FFFFE0", "#FFFF00"] light.penup() light.goto(pos_x, pos_y) angle = random.randint(0, 180) light.seth(angle) light.fillcolor(random.choice(color)) light.begin_fill() for i in range(5): # 这个144度是查的资料 light.right(144) light.forward(size) light.end_fill()def wind(): # 风函数,让图像看起来更有感觉,就是一条直线,加两个圆 pos = int(time.time()) pos %= 5 color = ["#D3D3D3", "#CDCDB4"] tep_color = random.choice(color) light.penup() light.goto(pos*80-1000, 50) light.seth(0) light.pendown() light.pensize(5) light.pencolor(tep_color) light.forward(500) light.pensize(4) light.pencolor(tep_color) light.left(45) light.circle(50, 180) light.pensize(3) light.pencolor(tep_color) light.circle(30, 90) tep_color = random.choice(color) light.penup() # 画圈圈 light.goto(pos*140-1040, 80) light.seth(0) light.pendown() light.pensize(5) light.pencolor(tep_color) light.forward(400) light.pensize(4) light.pencolor(tep_color) light.left(45) light.circle(40, 180) light.pensize(3) light.pencolor(tep_color) light.circle(25, 90)def lie(): # 这个函数是表达我对python的喜爱 t.penup() t.goto(0, -360) pencil(0, "#FFA54F") t.write("节日快乐", align='center', font=('arial', 75, 'normal')) t.hideturtle()def dynamic(): light.clear() sun() star(200, 200) # 右上角有星星注意观察 0.0 star(260, 230, 15) star(180, 300) star(300, 100, 15) star(500, 290) star(420, 310, 15) star(300, 200) star(260, 230, 15) star(350, 352) star(500, 180, 15) star(560, 352) cloud(-530, 280, 20) cloud(300, 250, 30) wind() bend = int(time.time()) bend %= 5 bend += 14 light.seth(-100-bend) # 初始向日葵叶片角度 for i in range(14): # 生成向日葵 if i % 2 == 0: botany(-520 + i * 50, -132, 0, 1, bend - i) botany(-340 + i * 50, -132, 0, 1, bend - i) else: botany(-430 + i * 50, -142, 0, 1, bend - i) botany(-230 + i * 50, -142, 0, 1, bend - i) pos_x = [45, -96, -100, 410, 300, 580, 230, -50, -400, -320, -212] pos_y = [45, -96, -100, 0, 20, 30, 29, -50, -20, -43, 10] for i in range(6): # 生成蝴蝶,这里便于观察到结果,蝴蝶有点大 butterfly(random.choice(pos_x), random.choice(pos_y)) t.ontimer(dynamic, 1000)def piant(): # 这里是将绘制全放在这个函数里,让main看起来简洁 t.tracer(False) t.delay(0) canvas() pencil() plant() lie() dynamic()if __name__ == "__main__": piant() # t.ondrag(draw, btn=1, add=None) t.mainloop()
参考:http://t.csdn.cn/A9nfn
来源地址:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_64338372/article/details/128076908