概述
什么是ORM?
ORM全称“Object Relational Mapping”,即对象-关系映射,就是把关系数据库的一行映射为一个对象,也就是一个类对应一个表,这样,写代码更简单,不用直接操作SQL语句。
现在我们就要实现简易版ORM。
效果
class Person(Model):
"""
定义类的属性到列的映射
"""
pid = IntegerField('id')
names = StringField('username')
email = StringField('email')
password = StringField('password')
p = Person(pid=10086, names='晓明', email='10086@163.com', password='123456')
p.save()
通过执行save()方法 动态生成sql插入语句, 是不是很神奇, 那我们现在开始解析原理吧
步骤
首先我们要定义一个 Field 类 它负责保存数据库表的字段名和字段类型:
class Field(object):
def __init__(self, name, column_type):
self.name = name
self.column_type = column_type
def __str__(self):
return '<%s:%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
在 Field 的基础上,进一步定义各种类型的 Field,比如 StringField,IntegerField 等等:
class StringField(Field):
def __init__(self, name):
super(StringField, self).__init__(name, 'varchar(100)')
class IntegerField(Field):
def __init__(self, name):
super(IntegerField, self).__init__(name, 'bigint')
下一步,就是编写最复杂的 ModelMetaclass:
class ModelMetaclass(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
if name == "Model":
return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
mappings = dict()
print("Found class: %s" % name)
for k, v in attrs.items():
if isinstance(v, Field):
print("Found mapping: %s ==> %s" % (k, v))
mappings[k] = v
for k in mappings.keys():
attrs.pop(k)
attrs["__table__"] = name # 表名和类名一致
attrs["__mappings__"] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系
return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
最后就是基类 Model:
class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
_setattr = setattr
if kwargs:
for k, v in kwargs.items():
_setattr(self, k, v)
super(Model, self).__init__()
def save(self):
fields = []
params = []
args = []
for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
fields.append(k)
params.append("?")
args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
sql = "insert into %s (%s) values (%s)" % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ",".join(params))
print('插入语句: %s' % sql)
print('参数: %s' % str(args))
def update(self):
fields = []
args = []
for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
if getattr(self, k, None):
fields.append(k+"=?")
args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
sql = "update %s set %s" % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields))
print("更新语句: %s " % sql)
print("参数: %s" % args)
def filter(self, *args):
pass
def delete(self):
pass
当用户定义一个 class Person(Model) 继承父类时,Python解释器会在当前类 Person 的定义中找 __metaclass__,如果没有找到,就继续到父类中找 __metaclass__,实在找不到就用默认 type 类。
我们在父类 Model 中定义了 __metaclass__ 的 ModelMetaclass 来创建 Person 类,所以 metaclass 隐式地继承到子类。
在 ModelMetaclass 中,一共做了几件事情:
- 排除掉对 Model 类的修改;
- 在当前类(比如 Person )中查找定义的类的所有属性,如果找到一个 Field 属性,就把它保存到一个 __mappings__ 的dict中,同时从类属性中删除该Field属性,否则,容易造成运行时错误;
- 把表名保存到 __table__ 中,这里简化为表名默认为类名。
在Model类中,就可以定义各种操作数据库的方法,比如save(),delete(),find(),update() 等等。
我们实现了save(), update()方法,把一个实例保存到数据库中。因为有表名,属性到字段的映射和属性值的集合,就可以构造出INSERT语句和UPDATE语句。
编写代码试试:
class UserInfo(Model):
"""
定义类的属性到列的映射
"""
uid = IntegerField('uid')
name = StringField('username')
email = StringField('email')
password = StringField('password')
class Person(Model):
"""
定义类的属性到列的映射
"""
pid = IntegerField('id')
names = StringField('username')
email = StringField('email')
password = StringField('password')
p = Person(pid=10086, names='晓明', email='10086@163.com', password='123456')
p.save()
u2 = UserInfo(password='123456')
u2.update()
输出
Found class: UserInfo
Found mapping: uid ==> <IntegerField:uid>
Found mapping: name ==> <StringField:username>
Found mapping: email ==> <StringField:email>
Found mapping: password ==> <StringField:password>
Found class: Person
Found mapping: pid ==> <IntegerField:id>
Found mapping: names ==> <StringField:username>
Found mapping: email ==> <StringField:email>
Found mapping: password ==> <StringField:password>
插入语句: insert into Person (pid,names,email,password) values (?,?,?,?)
参数: [10086, '晓明', '10086@163.com', '123456']
更新语句: update UserInfo set password=?
参数: ['123456']
结束语
就这样一个小巧的ORM就这么完成了。是不是学到了很多呢 ?这里利用的是元编程,很多Python框架都运用了元编程达到动态操作类。
注:上述代码列子 结合了廖雪峰的列子和少量的django ORM源码。
完整代码
class Field(object):
def __init__(self, name, column_type):
self.name = name
self.column_type = column_type
def __str__(self):
return '<%s:%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
class StringField(Field):
def __init__(self, name):
super(StringField, self).__init__(name, 'varchar(100)')
class IntegerField(Field):
def __init__(self, name):
super(IntegerField, self).__init__(name, 'bigint')
class ModelMetaclass(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
if name == "Model":
return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
mappings = dict()
print("Found class: %s" % name)
for k, v in attrs.items():
if isinstance(v, Field):
print("Found mapping: %s ==> %s" % (k, v))
mappings[k] = v
for k in mappings.keys():
attrs.pop(k)
attrs["__table__"] = name # 表名和类名一致
attrs["__mappings__"] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系
return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
class Model(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
_setattr = setattr
if kwargs:
for k, v in kwargs.items():
_setattr(self, k, v)
super(Model, self).__init__()
def save(self):
fields = []
params = []
args = []
for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
fields.append(k)
params.append("?")
args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
sql = "insert into %s (%s) values (%s)" % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ",".join(params))
print('插入语句: %s' % sql)
print('参数: %s' % str(args))
def update(self):
fields = []
args = []
for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
if getattr(self, k, None):
fields.append(k+"=?")
args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
sql = "update %s set %s" % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields))
print("更新语句: %s " % sql)
print("参数: %s" % args)
def filter(self, *args):
pass
def delete(self):
pass
class UserInfo(Model):
"""
定义类的属性到列的映射
"""
uid = IntegerField('uid')
name = StringField('username')
email = StringField('email')
password = StringField('password')
class Person(Model):
"""
定义类的属性到列的映射
"""
pid = IntegerField('id')
names = StringField('username')
email = StringField('email')
password = StringField('password')
p = Person(pid=10086, names='晓明', email='10086@163.com', password='123456')
p.save()
u2 = UserInfo(password='123456')
u2.update()
到此这篇关于Python元类编程实现一个简单的ORM的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Python元类编程实现ORM内容请搜索编程网以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持编程网!