python库-密码学库pynacl
什么是pynacl
官方： https://pynacl.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
PyNaCl is a Python binding to libsodium, which is a fork of the Networking and Cryptography library. These libraries have a stated goal of improving usability, security and speed. It supports Python 3.6+ as well as PyPy 3.
PyNaCl 是 libsodium C库绑定封装。PyNaCl是libsodium库的Python实现。libsodium是一个基于NaCI开发的先进而且易用的加密库，主要用于加密、解密、签名和生成密码哈希等。PyNaCI能够提供数字签名、密钥加密、公钥加密、哈希和消息身份验证、基于密码的密钥派生和密码散列功能。
libsodium 是c写的，现代，便携式，易于使用的加密库。Sodium是一个新的，易于使用的软件库，用于加密，解密，签名，密码哈希等。
官网：libsodium.org
github： https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium
PyNaCl功能：
- Digital signatures
- Secret-key encryption
- Public-key encryption
- Hashing and message authentication
- Password based key derivation and password hashing
数字签名使用example
官方：https://pynacl.readthedocs.io/en/latest/signing/
数字签名允许您公布公共密钥，然后您可以使用私有签名密钥来签名消息。然后，拥有您的公钥的其他人可以使用它来验证您的消息实际上是真实的。
签名和验证消息而无需编码密钥或消息：
签名 (SigningKey)：
from nacl.encoding import Base64Encoder
from nacl.signing import SigningKey
# Generate a new random signing key
signing_key = SigningKey.generate()
# Sign a message with the signing key
signed_b64 = signing_key.sign(b"Attack at Dawn", encoder=Base64Encoder)
# Obtain the verify key for a given signing key
verify_key = signing_key.verify_key
# Serialize the verify key to send it to a third party
verify_key_b64 = verify_key.encode(encoder=Base64Encoder)验签 (VerifyKey)：
from nacl.encoding import Base64Encoder
from nacl.signing import VerifyKey
# Create a VerifyKey object from a base64 serialized public key
verify_key = VerifyKey(verify_key_b64, encoder=Base64Encoder)
# Check the validity of a message's signature
# The message and the signature can either be passed together, or
# separately if the signature is decoded to raw bytes.
# These are equivalent:
verify_key.verify(signed_b64, encoder=Base64Encoder)
signature_bytes = Base64Encoder.decode(signed_b64.signature)
verify_key.verify(signed_b64.message, signature_bytes,
encoder=Base64Encoder)
# Alter the signed message text
forged = signed_b64[:-1] + bytes([int(signed_b64[-1]) ^ 1])
# Will raise nacl.exceptions.BadSignatureError, since the signature check
# is failing
verify_key.verify(forged)Traceback (most recent call last):
...
nacl.exceptions.BadSignatureError: Signature was forged or corruptclassnacl.signing.SigningKey(seed, encoder)[source]¶
使用ED25519算法生产数字签名的私钥。
签名密钥是由32字节（256位）随机种子值产生的。该值可以以32的长度为bytes()传递到签名密钥中。
参数：
seed (bytes) – Random 32-byte value (i.e. private key).
encoder – A class that is able to decode the seed.
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