气象数据获取因其数据源多、请求规则不一,格式复杂、体积庞大,所以经常成为气象小白的噩梦。这里收集了一些常用气象数据下载方法及下载的代码,供大家参考
目录
7. NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 再分析数据
1. 中国气象数据网(这是最官方的数据平台)
中国气象数据网是官网平台,需要注册才能使用,分普通用户,个人实名用户,科研用户。数据种类很丰富,唯一的不足是下载需要权限。当然,很多气象数据的密级为秘密,大家在使用分享时一定要注意哦!网站也提供接口服务,可以免费使用7天。
数据下载:
国家气象科学数据中心
2. NOAA 全球地面站观测数据
“The Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) is an integrated database of climate summaries from land surface stations across the globe that have been subjected to a common suite of quality assurance reviews. The data are obtained from more than 20 sources. Some data are more than 175 years old while others are less than an hour old. GHCN is the official archived dataset, and it serves as a replacement product for older NCEI-maintained datasets that are designated for daily temporal resolution (i.e., DSI 3200, DSI 3201, DSI 3202, DSI 3205, DSI 3206, DSI 3208, DSI 3210, etc.).” From Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN): https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/land-based-station-data/land-based-datasets/global-historical-climatology-network-ghcn
数据是按站点存放的,可以根据需求下载需要的数据。在数据下载链接的根目录下,“readme.txt”文件对数据的存在格式等进行了说明。准实时更新~
数据下载:
ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/
数据读取示例:
https://github.com/BeiTown/WeatherAnalysis
批量下载数据代码:
使用Python下载NOAA气象数据
3. 全球探空数据
探空站一般是为探测高空气象要素而建立的,通过探空气球来收集每天8点和20点的高空气象数据,遇到特殊天气(台风等)会进行加密观测。可以获近地层、850、700、500、200百帕的温度、温度露点差、位势高度、风速风向等气象要素。探空数据在天气预报有着重要的指示作用,可以分析出高空引导气流的位置、强度,及到达本地的时间和对当地天气的影响情况。
数据来自怀俄明大学:http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/seasia.html
我国的探空站表格:http://data.cma.cn/article/showPDFFile.html?file=/pic/static/doc/B/B.0011.0001C/UPAR_CHN_MUL_STATION.pdf
批量下载数据代码:
全球探空数据批量下载数据代码
4. 全国空气质量观测数据
大佬将中国环境监测总站的全国城市空气质量实时发布平台的数据爬下来分享,免费下载,每周更新~
网址:https://quotsoft.net/air/
全国国控监测点数据 CSV格式 https://quotsoft.net/air/data/china_sites_[日期].csv
全国城市数据 CSV格式 https://quotsoft.net/air/data/china_cities_[日期].csv
北京PM2.5/PM10/AQI数据 CSV格式 https://quotsoft.net/air/data/beijing_all_[日期].csv
北京SO2/NO2/O3/CO数据 CSV格式 https://quotsoft.net/air/data/beijing_extra_[日期].csv
例如:
https://quotsoft.net/air/data/china_sites_20200820.csv
填写日期即可
网站:http://www.pm25.in
批量下载数据代码:
5. MODIS 极轨卫星数据
MODIS数据目前比较全面的是在 LAADS(https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/search/) 或者地理空间云(http://http//www.gscloud.cn/)
进入以后注册NASA账户,记得申请apikey
这个网站下载推荐python脚本方法
我常用的下载命令:
python laads-data-download.py -s https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/archive/orders/501412572 -d E:\temp\ -t <这里写apikey,不要两侧的括号>
6. NCEP FNL 再分析数据(常用的气象再分析数据)
数据下载自NCAR:https://rda.ucar.edu/
需要自行注册账户,最好是edu结尾的邮箱。
NCEP的FNL资料:http://rda.ucar.edu/data/ds083.2
空间分辨率:1°×1°
时间分辨率:逐6小时
批量下载数据代码:
7. NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 再分析数据
NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 is an improved version of the NCEP Reanalysis I model that fixed errors and updated paramterizations of physical processes.
这个数据比较好下,页面点一下就好了。
数据下载:https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis2.html
空间分辨率:2.5°×2.5°
时间分辨率:逐6小时
时间尺度:1979/01/01 to 2020/07/31
批量下载数据代码:
8. ERA 数据
8.1 ERA-Interim
ERA-Interim is a global atmospheric reanalysis that is available from 1 January 1979 to 31 August 2019. It has been superseded by the ERA5 reanalysis.
The data assimilation system used to produce ERA-Interim is based on a 2006 release of the IFS (Cy31r2). The system includes a 4-dimensional variational analysis (4D-Var) with a 12-hour analysis window. The spatial resolution of the data set is approximately 80 km (T255 spectral) on 60 levels in the vertical from the surface up to 0.1 hPa.
For a detailed documentation of the ERA-Interim Archive see Berrisford et al. (2011).
An open-access journal article describing the ERA-Interim reanalysis is available from the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. Additional details of the modelling and data assimilation system used to produce ERA-Interim can be found in the IFS documentation Cy31r1. We are aware of several quality issues with ERA-Interim data.
数据下载:
批量下载数据代码:
8.2 ERA5
A first segment of the ERA5 dataset is now available for public use (1979 to within 5 days of real time). ERA5 provides hourly estimates of a large number of atmospheric, land and oceanic climate variables. The data cover the Earth on a 30km grid and resolve the atmosphere using 137 levels from the surface up to a height of 80km. ERA5 includes information about uncertainties for all variables at reduced spatial and temporal resolutions.
Quality-assured monthly updates of ERA5 are published within 3 months of real time. Preliminary daily updates of the dataset are available to users within 5 days of real time.
The entire ERA5 dataset from 1950 to present is expected to be available for use in 2020.
ERA5 combines vast amounts of historical observations into global estimates using advanced modelling and data assimilation systems.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis which stopped being produced on 31 August 2019. You can read about the key characteristics of ERA5 and important changes relative to ERA-Interim.
步骤:
1、注册账号,最好是edu结尾的邮箱
2、获取api秘钥,存在工作区下的.cdsapirc
3、检索数据
4、构建下载脚本,主要参数如下,支持grib格式和nc格式
数据下载:
批量下载数据代码:
9. GFS/GDAS 数据 最常用的气象预报数据
The Global Forecast System (GFS) has been in NWS operations since 1980 and is continuously improved by the Global Climate and Weather Modeling Branch which conducts a program of research and development in support of the Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) (www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov) of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (www.ncep.noaa.gov).
空间分辨率:0.25°×0.25°
时间分辨率:1h
数据下载:
下载代码:
GitHub
10. 葵花 8 号 Himawari-8 卫星数据
葵8数据下载需要注册,科研用途免费,通过也很快的。
JAXA Himawari Monitor:https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/index.html
批量下载数据代码:
11. JRA-55 再分析数据
网址:https://jra.kishou.go.jp/JRA-55/index_en.html#
12. TEMIS遥感数据
网站:Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service
该网站上有很多关于空气污染监测、气候变化、紫外辐射相关的遥感产品,这里以Clear sky UV index为例提供一种批量下载方式。
批量下载数据代码:
13. 我国台风历史轨迹数据
台风历史轨迹数据除了BST以外,还可以通过温州台风网进行查询。两者数据略有差异,BST是之后对历史台风路径进行校正后发布的,其经纬度、强度、气压具有更高的可靠性,但是时间分辨率为6小时,部分3小时,这一点不如观测数据,温州台风网的数据是实时发布数据的记录,时间分辨率最高达1小时,对于台风轨迹具有更加精细化的表述。
批量下载数据代码:
14. CMIP6 国际耦合模式比较计划
官网:https://www.wcrp-climate.org/wgcm-cmip
CMIP是国际耦合模式比较计划(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project)的缩写,最早是在 1995 年由世界气候研究计划(WCRP)下属的耦合模式工作组(WGCM)主持开展的。自 CMIP 诞生以来,一直致力于促进气候模式的发展和完善,并支持气候变化的评估和预估工作。目前已开展了 5 次耦合模式比较计划,当前正在进行的是第 6 次耦合模式比较计划,即 CMIP6。基于 CMIP 计划的气候变化研究,是气候评估和谈判的重要基础,也为 IPCC 气候变化评估报告的撰写提供了参考价值。
批量下载数据代码:
15. 其他
5 利用Python的requests和json包获取台风数据
来源地址:https://blog.csdn.net/qazwsxpy/article/details/127427409