运算符重载
- 为什么要使用运算符重载
-C/C++的运算符,支持的数据类型,仅限于基本数据类型。
- 问题:一头牛+一头马 = ?(牛马神兽?)
一个圆 +一个圆 = ? (想要变成一个更大的圆)
一头牛 – 一只羊 = ? (想要变成4只羊,原始的以物易物:1头牛价值5只羊)
- 解决方案:
使用运算符重载
方式一, 使用成员函数重载运算符 需求:把牛肉换猪肉, 羊肉换猪肉
规则:
一斤牛肉:2斤猪肉
一斤羊肉:3斤猪肉
实现:
牛 + 牛 = ?猪肉
牛 + 羊 = ?猪肉
Cow类
> Cow.h
#pragma once
class Pork;
class Sheep;
class Cow{ //牛类
public:
Cow(int weight = 0);
//使用运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 牛肉 = 猪肉
Pork operator+(const Cow& cow);
//使用运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 羊肉 = 猪肉
Pork operator+(const Sheep& sheep);
private:
int weight; //重量
};
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
> Cow.cpp
#include "Cow.h"
#include "Pork.h"
#include "Sheep.h"
Cow::Cow(int weight){
this->weight = weight;
}
//一斤牛肉换两斤猪肉
Pork Cow::operator+(const Cow& cow){
return Pork((this->weight + cow.weight) * 2);
}
//一斤牛肉换两斤猪肉, 一斤羊肉换三斤猪肉
Pork Cow::operator+(const Sheep& sheep){
int tmp = (this->weight * 2) + (sheep.getWeight() * 3);
return Pork(tmp);
}
Sheep类
> Sheep.h
#pragma once
//羊类
class Sheep{
public:
Sheep(int weight = 0);
int getWeight() const;
private:
int weight; //重量
};
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
> Sheep.cpp
#include "Sheep.h"
Sheep::Sheep(int weight){
this->weight = weight;
}
int Sheep::getWeight() const{
return weight;
}
Pork类
> Pork.h
#pragma once
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Pork{ //猪肉类
public:
Pork(int weight = 0);
string description() const;
private:
int weight;
};
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
> Pork.cpp
#include <sstream>
#include "Pork.h"
Pork::Pork(int weight){
this->weight = weight;
}
string Pork::description() const{
stringstream ret;
ret << this->weight << "斤";
return ret.str();
}
main.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <Windows.h>
#include "Cow.h"
#include "Pork.h"
#include "Sheep.h"
using namespace std;
int main(void) {
Pork p1;
Cow c1(100);
Cow c2(200);
Sheep s1(100);
//调用运算符重载 Pork operator+(const Cow& cow);
p1 = c1 + c2;
cout << "牛 + 牛 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl;
//调用运算符重载 Pork operator+(const Sheep& c1);
p1 = c1 + s1;
cout << "牛 + 羊 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl;
//羊+牛会报错, 因为没有定义对应的羊+牛运算符重载
//p1 = s1 + c1;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
方式二, 使用非成员函数【友元函数】重载运算符
实现:
牛 + 牛 = ?猪肉
牛 + 羊 = ?猪肉
Cow类
> Cow.h
#pragma once
class Pork;
class Sheep;
class Cow{ //牛类
public:
Cow(int weight = 0);
//使用友元运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 牛肉 = 猪肉
friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Cow& c2);
//使用友元运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 羊肉 = 猪肉
friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Sheep& s1);
private:
int weight; //重量
};
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
> Cow.cpp
#include "Cow.h"
Cow::Cow(int weight){
this->weight = weight;
}
Sheep类
> Sheep.h
#pragma once
//羊类
class Sheep{
public:
Sheep(int weight = 0);
int getWeight() const;
private:
int weight; //重量
};
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
> Sheep.cpp
#include "Sheep.h"
Sheep::Sheep(int weight){
this->weight = weight;
}
int Sheep::getWeight() const{
return weight;
}
Pork类
> Pork.h
#pragma once
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Pork{ //猪肉类
public:
Pork(int weight = 0);
string description() const;
private:
int weight;
};
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
> Pork.cpp
#include <sstream>
#include "Pork.h"
Pork::Pork(int weight){
this->weight = weight;
}
string Pork::description() const{
stringstream ret;
ret << this->weight << "斤";
return ret.str();
}
main.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <Windows.h>
#include "Cow.h"
#include "Pork.h"
#include "Sheep.h"
using namespace std;
//要想访问类的私有数据成员, 就把这个函数定义为友元
Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Cow& c2) {
return ((c1.weight + c2.weight) * 2);
}
//要想访问类的私有数据成员, 就把这个函数定义为友元
Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Sheep& s1) {
return((c1.weight * 2) + (s1.getWeight() * 3));
}
int main(void) {
Pork p1;
Cow c1(100); //100斤的牛
Cow c2(200); //200斤的牛
Sheep s1(100); //100斤的羊
//调用 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Cow& c2);
p1 = c1 + c2;
cout << "使用友元 牛 + 牛 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl;
//调用 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Sheep& s1);
p1 = c1 + s1;
cout << "使用友元 牛 + 羊 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
两种方式的区别
区别:
使用成员函数来实现运算符重载时,少写一个参数,因为第一个参数就是this指针。
两种方式的选择:
- 一般情况下,单目运算符重载,使用成员函数进行重载更方便(不用写参数)
- 一般情况下,双目运算符重载,使用友元函数更直观
方便实现a+b和b+a相同的效果,成员函数方式无法实现。
例如: 100 + cow; 只能通过友元函数来实现
cow +100; 友元函数和成员函数都可以实现
- 特殊情况:
(1)= () [ ] -> 不能重载为类的友元函数!!!(否则可能和C++的其他规则矛盾),只能使用成员函数形式进行重载。
(2)如果运算符的第一个操作数要求使用隐式类型转换,则必须为友元函数(成员函数方式的第一个参数是this指针)
注意:
同一个运算符重载, 不能同时使用两种方式来重载,会导致编译器不知道选择哪一个(二义性)
总结
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