bytes.Buffer提供可扩容的字节缓冲区,实质是对切片的封装;结构中包含一个64字节的小切片,避免小内存分配:
// A Buffer is a variable-sized buffer of bytes with Read and Write methods.
// The zero value for Buffer is an empty buffer ready to use.
type Buffer struct {
buf []byte // contents are the bytes buf[off : len(buf)]
off int // read at &buf[off], write at &buf[len(buf)]--->指示读指针
bootstrap [64]byte // memory to hold first slice; helps small buffers avoid allocation.
lastRead readOp // last read operation, so that Unread* can work correctly.
}
2 初始化bytes.Buffer的方法
1) var buf bytes.Buffer ->定义一个空的字节缓冲区
2) func NewBuffer(buf []byte) *Buffer { return &Buffer{buf: buf} } -->将字节切片初始化为缓冲区
3) func NewBufferString(s string) *Buffer {return &Buffer{buf: []byte(s)}} -->将字符串初始化为缓冲区
3 提供的主要API函数 1)写字节流数据到缓冲区
// Write appends the contents of p to the buffer, growing the buffer as
// needed. The return value n is the length of p; err is always nil. If the
// buffer becomes too large, Write will panic with ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
b.lastRead = opInvalid
m := b.grow(len(p))
return copy(b.buf[m:], p), nil
}
2)写字符串到缓冲区
// WriteString appends the contents of s to the buffer, growing the buffer as
// needed. The return value n is the length of s; err is always nil. If the
// buffer becomes too large, WriteString will panic with ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) WriteString(s string) (n int, err error) {
b.lastRead = opInvalid
//返回写入的index
m := b.grow(len(s))
return copy(b.buf[m:], s), nil
}
3)从缓冲区中读取数据
// Read reads the next len(p) bytes from the buffer or until the buffer
// is drained. The return value n is the number of bytes read. If the
// buffer has no data to return, err is io.EOF (unless len(p) is zero);
// otherwise it is nil.
func (b *Buffer) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
b.lastRead = opInvalid
if b.off >= len(b.buf) {
// Buffer is empty, reset to recover space.
b.Truncate(0)
if len(p) == 0 {
return
}
return 0, io.EOF
}
n = copy(p, b.buf[b.off:])
b.off += n
if n > 0 {
b.lastRead = opRead
}
return
}
4)从缓冲区中读取字符串,直到分隔符delim 位置
// ReadString reads until the first occurrence of delim in the input,
// returning a string containing the data up to and including the delimiter.
// If ReadString encounters an error before finding a delimiter,
// it returns the data read before the error and the error itself (often io.EOF).
// ReadString returns err != nil if and only if the returned data does not end
// in delim.
func (b *Buffer) ReadString(delim byte) (line string, err error) {
slice, err := b.readSlice(delim)
return string(slice), err
}
5)将未被读取的字节数据返回
// Bytes returns a slice of length b.Len() holding the unread portion of the buffer.
// The slice is valid for use only until the next buffer modification (that is,
// only until the next call to a method like Read, Write, Reset, or Truncate).
// The slice aliases the buffer content at least until the next buffer modification,
// so immediate changes to the slice will affect the result of future reads.
func (b *Buffer) Bytes() []byte { return b.buf[b.off:] }
6)将未被读取的字节数据以字符串形式返回
// String returns the contents of the unread portion of the buffer
// as a string. If the Buffer is a nil pointer, it returns "<nil>".
func (b *Buffer) String() string {
if b == nil {
// Special case, useful in debugging.
return "<nil>"
}
return string(b.buf[b.off:])
}
7)返回缓冲区当前容量
// Cap returns the capacity of the buffer's underlying byte slice, that is, the
// total space allocated for the buffer's data.
func (b *Buffer) Cap() int { return cap(b.buf) }
8)返回未被读取的字节数据大小
// Len returns the number of bytes of the unread portion of the buffer;
// b.Len() == len(b.Bytes()).
func (b *Buffer) Len() int { return len(b.buf) - b.off }
4 bytes.Buffer自动扩容机制
当向缓冲区写入数据时,首先会检查当前容量是否满足需求,如果不满足分三种情况处理:
1)当前内置缓冲区切片buf为空,且写入数据量小于bootstrap的大小(64字节),则bootstrap作为buf
2)当前未读数据长度+新写入数据长度小于等于缓冲区容量的1/2,则挪动数据(将未读的数据放到已读数据位置)
3)以上条件不满足,只能重新分配切片,容量设定为2*cap(b.buf) + n,即两倍原来的缓冲区容量+写入数据量大小
// grow grows the buffer to guarantee space for n more bytes.
// It returns the index where bytes should be written.
// If the buffer can't grow it will panic with ErrTooLarge.
func (b *Buffer) grow(n int) int {
m := b.Len()
// If buffer is empty, reset to recover space.
if m == 0 && b.off != 0 {
b.Truncate(0)
}
//如果需要的容量大于现在的容量--->
if len(b.buf)+n > cap(b.buf) {
var buf []byte
//现有的预备64byte可以满足
if b.buf == nil && n <= len(b.bootstrap) {
buf = b.bootstrap[0:]
//实际需要的小于本身切片容量
} else if m+n <= cap(b.buf)/2 {
// We can slide things down instead of allocating a new
// slice. We only need m+n <= cap(b.buf) to slide, but
// we instead let capacity get twice as large so we
// don't spend all our time copying.
copy(b.buf[:], b.buf[b.off:])
buf = b.buf[:m]
} else {
// not enough space anywhere
//不够,那就分配2倍加n的容量
buf = makeSlice(2*cap(b.buf) + n)
copy(buf, b.buf[b.off:])
}
b.buf = buf
b.off = 0
}
b.buf = b.buf[0 : b.off+m+n]
return b.off + m
}
5 bytes.Buffer的局限
bytes.Buffer提供了对切片的初步封装,但也没做太多的事;对于已读的数据无法操作。
补充:Golang bytes.Buffer 用法精述
1.简介bytes.Buffer 是 Golang 标准库中的缓冲区,具有读写方法和可变大小的字节存储功能。缓冲区的零值是一个待使用的空缓冲区。
定义如下:
type Buffer struct {
buf []byte // contents are the bytes buf[off : len(buf)]
off int // read at &buf[off], write at &buf[len(buf)]
lastRead readOp // last read operation, so that Unread* can work correctly.
}
注意要点:
(1)从 bytes.Buffer 读取数据后,被成功读取的数据仍保留在原缓冲区,只是无法被使用,因为缓冲区的可见数据从偏移 off 开始,即buf[off : len(buf)]。
2.常用方法 (1)声明一个 Buffer
var b bytes.Buffer //直接定义一个Buffer变量,不用初始化,可以直接使用
b := new(bytes.Buffer) //使用New返回Buffer变量
b := bytes.NewBuffer(s []byte) //从一个[]byte切片,构造一个Buffer
b := bytes.NewBufferString(s string) //从一个string变量,构造一个Buffer
(2)往 Buffer 中写入数据
b.Write(d []byte) (n int, err error) //将切片d写入Buffer尾部
b.WriteString(s string) (n int, err error) //将字符串s写入Buffer尾部
b.WriteByte(c byte) error //将字符c写入Buffer尾部
b.WriteRune(r rune) (n int, err error) //将一个rune类型的数据放到缓冲区的尾部
b.ReadFrom(r io.Reader) (n int64, err error) //从实现了io.Reader接口的可读取对象写入Buffer尾部
(3)从 Buffer 中读取数据
//读取 n 个字节数据并返回,如果 buffer 不足 n 字节,则读取全部
b.Next(n int) []byte
//一次读取 len(p) 个 byte 到 p 中,每次读取新的内容将覆盖p中原来的内容。成功返回实际读取的字节数,off 向后偏移 n,buffer 没有数据返回错误 io.EOF
b.Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
//读取第一个byte并返回,off 向后偏移 n
b.ReadByte() (byte, error)
//读取第一个 UTF8 编码的字符并返回该字符和该字符的字节数,b的第1个rune被拿掉。如果buffer为空,返回错误 io.EOF,如果不是UTF8编码的字符,则消费一个字节,返回 (U+FFFD,1,nil)
b.ReadRune() (r rune, size int, err error)
//读取缓冲区第一个分隔符前面的内容以及分隔符并返回,缓冲区会清空读取的内容。如果没有发现分隔符,则返回读取的内容并返回错误io.EOF
b.ReadBytes(delimiter byte) (line []byte, err error)
//读取缓冲区第一个分隔符前面的内容以及分隔符并作为字符串返回,缓冲区会清空读取的内容。如果没有发现分隔符,则返回读取的内容并返回错误 io.EOF
b.ReadString(delimiter byte) (line string, err error)
//将 Buffer 中的内容输出到实现了 io.Writer 接口的可写入对象中,成功返回写入的字节数,失败返回错误
b.WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error)
(4)其它操作
b.Bytes() []byte //返回字节切片
b.Cap() int //返回 buffer 内部字节切片的容量
b.Grow(n int) //为 buffer 内部字节切片的容量增加 n 字节
b.Len() int //返回缓冲区数据长度,等于 len(b.Bytes())
b.Reset() //清空数据
b.String() string //字符串化
b.Truncate(n int) //丢弃缓冲区中除前n个未读字节以外的所有字节。如果 n 为负数或大于缓冲区长度,则引发 panic
b.UnreadByte() error //将最后一次读取操作中被成功读取的字节设为未被读取的状态,即将已读取的偏移 off 减 1
b.UnreadRune() error //将最后一次 ReadRune() 读取操作返回的 UTF8 字符 rune设为未被读取的状态,即将已读取的偏移 off 减去 字符 rune 的字节数
3.使用示例
(1)从文件 test.txt 中读取全部内容追加到 buffer 尾部
test.txt 的内容为:
My name is dablelv
具体实现:
package main
import (
"os"
"fmt"
"bytes"
)
func main() {
file, _ := os.Open("./test.txt")
buf := bytes.NewBufferString("Hello world ")
buf.ReadFrom(file) //将text.txt内容追加到缓冲器的尾部
fmt.Println(buf.String())
}
编译运行输出:
Hello world My name is dablelv
以上为个人经验,希望能给大家一个参考,也希望大家多多支持编程网。如有错误或未考虑完全的地方,望不吝赐教。