Python中的字典由于是对象的集合属于复合数据类型,类似于列表。
定义字典
字典是 Python 对数据结构的实现,通常称为关联数组。字典由键值对的集合组成。每个键值对将键映射到其关联的值。
可以通过将逗号分隔的键值对列表括在花括号 ( {} ) 中来定义字典。冒号 ( : ) 将每个键与其关联的值分开。
d = {
<key>: <value>,
<key>: <value>,
.
.
.
<key>: <value>
}
# 定义一个Team
>>> MLB_team = {
... 'Colorado' : 'Rockies',
... 'Boston' : 'Red Sox',
... 'Minnesota': 'Twins',
... 'Milwaukee': 'Brewers',
... 'Seattle' : 'Mariners'
... }
可以使用内置dict()函数构建字典。
d = dict([
(<key>, <value>),
(<key>, <value),
.
.
.
(<key>, <value>)
])
# 定义一个Team
>>> MLB_team = dict([
... ('Colorado', 'Rockies'),
... ('Boston', 'Red Sox'),
... ('Minnesota', 'Twins'),
... ('Milwaukee', 'Brewers'),
... ('Seattle', 'Mariners')
... ])
# 另一种定义方式
>>> MLB_team = dict(
... Colorado='Rockies',
... Boston='Red Sox',
... Minnesota='Twins',
... Milwaukee='Brewers',
... Seattle='Mariners'
... )
字典内容的显示。
>>> type(MLB_team)
<class 'dict'>
>>> MLB_team
{'Colorado': 'Rockies', 'Boston': 'Red Sox', 'Minnesota': 'Twins',
'Milwaukee': 'Brewers', 'Seattle': 'Mariners'}
字典中的条目按定义的顺序显示,使用索引无法指定访问元素。
>>> MLB_team[1]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#13>", line 1, in <module>
MLB_team[1]
KeyError: 1
字典的访问
通过在方括号[]中指定对应的键,从字典中检索值。
>>> MLB_team['Minnesota']
'Twins'
>>> MLB_team['Colorado']
'Rockies'
检索值不在字典中则抛出异常。
>>> MLB_team['Toronto']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#19>", line 1, in <module>
MLB_team['Toronto']
KeyError: 'Toronto'
现有字典添加数据只需分配新的键和值。
>>> MLB_team['Kansas City'] = 'Royals'
>>> MLB_team
{'Colorado': 'Rockies', 'Boston': 'Red Sox', 'Minnesota': 'Twins',
'Milwaukee': 'Brewers', 'Seattle': 'Mariners', 'Kansas City': 'Royals'}
更新数据,只需为现有键分配一个新值。
>>> MLB_team['Seattle'] = 'Seahawks'
>>> MLB_team
{'Colorado': 'Rockies', 'Boston': 'Red Sox', 'Minnesota': 'Twins',
'Milwaukee': 'Brewers', 'Seattle': 'Seahawks', 'Kansas City': 'Royals'}
删除数据,使用 del 指定要删除的键。
>>> del MLB_team['Seattle']
>>> MLB_team
{'Colorado': 'Rockies', 'Boston': 'Red Sox', 'Minnesota': 'Twins',
'Milwaukee': 'Brewers', 'Kansas City': 'Royals'}
字典键与列表索引
经常遇见的一些错误做法。
>>> MLB_team['Toronto']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module>
MLB_team['Toronto']
KeyError: 'Toronto'
>>> MLB_team[1]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
MLB_team[1]
KeyError: 1
# 数字作为键值使用
>>> d = {0: 'a', 1: 'b', 2: 'c', 3: 'd'}
>>> d
{0: 'a', 1: 'b', 2: 'c', 3: 'd'}
>>> d[0]
'a'
>>> d[2]
'c'
不能将字典视为列表。
>>> type(d)
<class 'dict'>
>>> d[-1]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#30>", line 1, in <module>
d[-1]
KeyError: -1
>>> d[0:2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#31>", line 1, in <module>
d[0:2]
TypeError: unhashable type: 'slice'
>>> d.append('e')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#32>", line 1, in <module>
d.append('e')
AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'append'
增量构建字典
创建新的空字典,然后通过一次添加一个新的键和值构建。
>>> person = {}
>>> type(person)
<class 'dict'>
>>> person['fname'] = 'Joe'
>>> person['lname'] = 'Fonebone'
>>> person['age'] = 51
>>> person['spouse'] = 'Edna'
>>> person['children'] = ['Ralph', 'Betty', 'Joey']
>>> person['pets'] = {'dog': 'Fido', 'cat': 'Sox'}
# 创建和访问字典
>>> person
{'fname': 'Joe', 'lname': 'Fonebone', 'age': 51, 'spouse': 'Edna',
'children': ['Ralph', 'Betty', 'Joey'], 'pets': {'dog': 'Fido', 'cat': 'Sox'}}
>>> person['fname']
'Joe'
>>> person['age']
51
>>> person['children']
['Ralph', 'Betty', 'Joey']
# 检索字典数据
>>> person['children'][-1]
'Joey'
>>> person['pets']['cat']
'Sox'
构建的字典中数据类型没有明确的限制。
>>> foo = {42: 'aaa', 2.78: 'bbb', True: 'ccc'}
>>> foo
{42: 'aaa', 2.78: 'bbb', True: 'ccc'}
>>> foo[42]
'aaa'
>>> foo[2.78]
'bbb'
>>> foo[True]
'ccc'
字典键的限制
几乎任何类型的值都可以用作 Python 中的字典键。
>>> foo = {42: 'aaa', 2.78: 'bbb', True: 'ccc'}
>>> foo
{42: 'aaa', 2.78: 'bbb', True: 'ccc'}
# 可以使用类型和函数等内置对象
>>> d = {int: 1, float: 2, bool: 3}
>>> d
{<class 'int'>: 1, <class 'float'>: 2, <class 'bool'>: 3}
>>> d[float]
2
>>> d = {bin: 1, hex: 2, oct: 3}
>>> d[oct]
3
同一字典内重复的键无法添加,如果添加则对原键的值进行替换。
>>> MLB_team = {
... 'Colorado' : 'Rockies',
... 'Boston' : 'Red Sox',
... 'Minnesota': 'Twins',
... 'Milwaukee': 'Brewers',
... 'Seattle' : 'Mariners'
... }
>>> MLB_team['Minnesota'] = 'Timberwolves'
>>> MLB_team
{'Colorado': 'Rockies', 'Boston': 'Red Sox', 'Minnesota': 'Timberwolves',
'Milwaukee': 'Brewers', 'Seattle': 'Mariners'}
元组也可以是字典键,因为元组是不可变的。
>>> d = {(1, 1): 'a', (1, 2): 'b', (2, 1): 'c', (2, 2): 'd'}
>>> d[(1,1)]
'a'
>>> d[(2,1)]
'c'
字典值的限制
字典的中的值是没有任何限制的。
>>> d = {0: 'a', 1: 'a', 2: 'a', 3: 'a'}
>>> d
{0: 'a', 1: 'a', 2: 'a', 3: 'a'}
>>> d[0] == d[1] == d[2]
True
运算符和内置函数
in and not in运算符返回True or False。
>>> MLB_team = {
... 'Colorado' : 'Rockies',
... 'Boston' : 'Red Sox',
... 'Minnesota': 'Twins',
... 'Milwaukee': 'Brewers',
... 'Seattle' : 'Mariners'
... }
>>> 'Milwaukee' in MLB_team
True
>>> 'Toronto' in MLB_team
False
>>> 'Toronto' not in MLB_team
True
也可以与短路评估一起使用。
>>> MLB_team['Toronto']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
MLB_team['Toronto']
KeyError: 'Toronto'
>>> 'Toronto' in MLB_team and MLB_team['Toronto']
False
内置字典方法
与字符串和列表一样字典上也是有调用内置方法。
# d.clear() 清空字典数据
>>> d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d
{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d.clear()
>>> d
{}
# d.get(<key>[, <default>]) 如果字典中存在键,则返回该键的值
>>> d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> print(d.get('b'))
20
>>> print(d.get('z'))
None
# <key>未找到并且<default>指定了可选参数
>>> print(d.get('z', -1))
-1
# d.items() 返回字典中的键值对列表
>>> d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d
{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> list(d.items())
[('a', 10), ('b', 20), ('c', 30)]
>>> list(d.items())[1][0]
'b'
>>> list(d.items())[1][1]
20
# d.keys() 返回字典中的键列表
>>> d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d
{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> list(d.keys())
['a', 'b', 'c']
# d.values() 返回字典中的值列表
>>> d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d
{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> list(d.values())
[10, 20, 30]
# d.pop(<key>[, <default>]) 从字典中删除一个键,如果存在并返回它的值
>>> d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d.pop('b')
20
>>> d
{'a': 10, 'c': 30}
# 如果不存在则引发异常
>>> d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d.pop('z')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
d.pop('z')
KeyError: 'z'
# 如果指定默认参数<default>则返回该值
>>> d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d.pop('z', -1)
-1
>>> d
{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
# d.popitem() 从字典中删除键值对
>>> d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d.popitem()
('c', 30)
>>> d
{'a': 10, 'b': 20}
>>> d.popitem()
('b', 20)
>>> d
{'a': 10}
# d为空会引发异常
>>> d = {}
>>> d.popitem()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#11>", line 1, in <module>
d.popitem()
KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'
# d.update(<obj>) 将字典与另一个字典或可迭代的键值对合并
# (被替换键值).update(替换键值)
>>> d1 = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d2 = {'b': 200, 'd': 400}
>>> d1.update(d2)
>>> d1
{'a': 10, 'b': 200, 'c': 30, 'd': 400}
# 使用元组更新
>>> d1 = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d1.update([('b', 200), ('d', 400)])
>>> d1
{'a': 10, 'b': 200, 'c': 30, 'd': 400}
# 指定关键字参数
>>> d1 = {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
>>> d1.update(b=200, d=400)
>>> d1
{'a': 10, 'b': 200, 'c': 30, 'd': 400}
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