以下是灯塔国某大学大一年级非计算机专业的一道Python课作业题，大致翻译如下：
编写一个类：
该类Building应具有以下方法:●一个构造函数，它根本不接受任何参数(除了通常的`self`)
●setHeightRandom(maxHeight)将高度设置为从0到maxHeight(含)的随机值
●setWidthRandom(maxWidth)
将宽度设置为从0到maxWidth(含)的随机值●setLocationRandom(windowWidth)
随机设置水平位置，使用窗口宽度知道可能的值范围是多少
●setColorRandom()
随机设置建筑填充颜色。轮廓应始终为黑色。您可能会发现graphics.py文档的这一部分很有用。
●area()
返回建筑物的面积(宽*高)。这用于确定房地产税。
●draw(windowHeight)
给定一个图形窗口及其高度，绘制建筑物。您需要窗户高度的原因是要弄清楚建筑物垂直放置的位置。出于本次作业的目的，您可以将建筑物绘制为矩形。
在这里停下来!如果您想尝试获得E级，请让建筑物看起来更逼真。具体来说，在建筑物顶部添加一个天线，其高度与建筑物的其余部分成正比。绘制向下并穿过建筑物的窗户。窗户的高度不应与建筑物的高度成正比，它们应该具有固定的宽度和高度。这意味着更高的建筑物和更宽的建筑物将有更多的窗户。
其中的graphics.py文档：
# graphics.py"""Simple object oriented graphics library The library is designed to make it very easy for novice programmers toexperiment with computer graphics in an object oriented fashion. It iswritten by John Zelle for use with the book "Python Programming: AnIntroduction to Computer Science" (Franklin, Beedle & Associates).LICENSE: This is open-source software released under the terms of theGPL (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html).PLATFORMS: The package is a wrapper around Tkinter and should run onany platform where Tkinter is available.INSTALLATION: Put this file somewhere where Python can see it.OVERVIEW: There are two kinds of objects in the library. The GraphWinclass implements a window where drawing can be done and variousGraphicsObjects are provided that can be drawn into a GraphWin. As asimple example, here is a complete program to draw a circle of radius10 centered in a 100x100 window:--------------------------------------------------------------------from graphics import *def main(): win = GraphWin("My Circle", 100, 100) c = Circle(Point(50,50), 10) c.draw(win) win.getMouse() # Pause to view result win.close() # Close window when donemain()--------------------------------------------------------------------GraphWin objects support coordinate transformation through thesetCoords method and mouse and keyboard interaction methods.The library provides the following graphical objects: Point Line Circle Oval Rectangle Polygon Text Entry (for text-based input) ImageVarious attributes of graphical objects can be set such asoutline-color, fill-color and line-width. Graphical objects alsosupport moving and hiding for animation effects.The library also provides a very simple class for pixel-based imagemanipulation, Pixmap. A pixmap can be loaded from a file and displayedusing an Image object. Both getPixel and setPixel methods are providedfor manipulating the image.DOCUMENTATION: For complete documentation, see Chapter 4 of "PythonProgramming: An Introduction to Computer Science" by John Zelle,published by Franklin, Beedle & Associates. Also seehttp://mcsp.wartburg.edu/zelle/python for a quick reference"""__version__ = "5.0"# Version 5 8/26/2016# * update at bottom to fix MacOS issue causing askopenfile() to hang# * update takes an optional parameter specifying update rate# * Entry objects get focus when drawn# * __repr_ for all objects# * fixed offset problem in window, made canvas borderless# Version 4.3 4/25/2014# * Fixed Image getPixel to work with Python 3.4, TK 8.6 (tuple type handling)# * Added interactive keyboard input (getKey and checkKey) to GraphWin# * Modified setCoords to cause redraw of current objects, thus# changing the view. This supports scrolling around via setCoords.## Version 4.2 5/26/2011# * Modified Image to allow multiple undraws like other GraphicsObjects# Version 4.1 12/29/2009# * Merged Pixmap and Image class. Old Pixmap removed, use Image.# Version 4.0.1 10/08/2009# * Modified the autoflush on GraphWin to default to True# * Autoflush check on close, setBackground# * Fixed getMouse to flush pending clicks at entry# Version 4.0 08/2009# * Reverted to non-threaded version. The advantages (robustness,# efficiency, ability to use with other Tk code, etc.) outweigh# the disadvantage that interactive use with IDLE is slightly more# cumbersome.# * Modified to run in either Python 2.x or 3.x (same file).# * Added Image.getPixmap()# * Added update() -- stand alone function to cause any pending# graphics changes to display.## Version 3.4 10/16/07# Fixed GraphicsError to avoid "exploded" error messages.# Version 3.3 8/8/06# Added checkMouse method to GraphWin# Version 3.2.3# Fixed error in Polygon init spotted by Andrew Harrington# Fixed improper threading in Image constructor# Version 3.2.2 5/30/05# Cleaned up handling of exceptions in Tk thread. The graphics package# now raises an exception if attempt is made to communicate with# a dead Tk thread.# Version 3.2.1 5/22/05# Added shutdown function for tk thread to eliminate race-condition# error "chatter" when main thread terminates# Renamed various private globals with _# Version 3.2 5/4/05# Added Pixmap object for simple image manipulation.# Version 3.1 4/13/05# Improved the Tk thread communication so that most Tk calls# do not have to wait for synchonization with the Tk thread.# (see _tkCall and _tkExec)# Version 3.0 12/30/04# Implemented Tk event loop in separate thread. Should now work# interactively with IDLE. Undocumented autoflush feature is# no longer necessary. Its default is now False (off). It may# be removed in a future version.# Better handling of errors regarding operations on windows that# have been closed.# Addition of an isClosed method to GraphWindow class.# Version 2.2 8/26/04# Fixed cloning bug reported by Joseph Oldham.# Now implements deep copy of config info.# Version 2.1 1/15/04# Added autoflush option to GraphWin. When True (default) updates on# the window are done after each action. This makes some graphics# intensive programs sluggish. Turning off autoflush causes updates# to happen during idle periods or when flush is called.# Version 2.0# Updated Documentation# Made Polygon accept a list of Points in constructor# Made all drawing functions call TK update for easier animations# and to make the overall package work better with# Python 2.3 and IDLE 1.0 under Windows (still some issues).# Removed vestigial turtle graphics.# Added ability to configure font for Entry objects (analogous to Text)# Added setTextColor for Text as an alias of setFill# Changed to class-style exceptions# Fixed cloning of Text objects# Version 1.6# Fixed Entry so StringVar uses _root as master, solves weird# interaction with shell in Idle# Fixed bug in setCoords. X and Y coordinates can increase in# "non-intuitive" direction.# Tweaked wm_protocol so window is not resizable and kill box closes.# Version 1.5# Fixed bug in Entry. Can now define entry before creating a# GraphWin. All GraphWins are now toplevel windows and share# a fixed root (called _root).# Version 1.4# Fixed Garbage collection of Tkinter images bug.# Added ability to set text atttributes.# Added Entry boxes.import time, os, systry: # import as appropriate for 2.x vs. 3.x import tkinter as tkexcept: import Tkinter as tk########################################################################### Module Exceptionsclass GraphicsError(Exception): """Generic error class for graphics module exceptions.""" passOBJ_ALREADY_DRAWN = "Object currently drawn"UNSUPPORTED_METHOD = "Object doesn't support operation"BAD_OPTION = "Illegal option value"########################################################################### global variables and funtions_root = tk.Tk()_root.withdraw()_update_lasttime = time.time()def update(rate=None): global _update_lasttime if rate: now = time.time() pauseLength = 1/rate-(now-_update_lasttime) if pauseLength > 0: time.sleep(pauseLength) _update_lasttime = now + pauseLength else: _update_lasttime = now _root.update()############################################################################# Graphics classes start here class GraphWin(tk.Canvas): """A GraphWin is a toplevel window for displaying graphics.""" def __init__(self, title="Graphics Window", width=200, height=200, autoflush=True): assert type(title) == type(""), "Title must be a string" master = tk.Toplevel(_root) master.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.close) tk.Canvas.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height, highlightthickness=0, bd=0) self.master.title(title) self.pack() master.resizable(0,0) self.foreground = "black" self.items = [] self.mouseX = None self.mouseY = None self.bind("", self._onClick) self.bind_all("", self._onKey) self.height = int(height) self.width = int(width) self.autoflush = autoflush self._mouseCallback = None self.trans = None self.closed = False master.lift() self.lastKey = "" if autoflush: _root.update() def __repr__(self): if self.isClosed(): return "" else: return "GraphWin('{}', {}, {})".format(self.master.title(), self.getWidth(), self.getHeight()) def __str__(self): return repr(self) def __checkOpen(self): if self.closed: raise GraphicsError("window is closed") def _onKey(self, evnt): self.lastKey = evnt.keysym def setBackground(self, color): """Set background color of the window""" self.__checkOpen() self.config(bg=color) self.__autoflush() def setCoords(self, x1, y1, x2, y2): """Set coordinates of window to run from (x1,y1) in the lower-left corner to (x2,y2) in the upper-right corner.""" self.trans = Transform(self.width, self.height, x1, y1, x2, y2) self.redraw() def close(self): """Close the window""" if self.closed: return self.closed = True self.master.destroy() self.__autoflush() def isClosed(self): return self.closed def isOpen(self): return not self.closed def __autoflush(self): if self.autoflush: _root.update() def plot(self, x, y, color="black"): """Set pixel (x,y) to the given color""" self.__checkOpen() xs,ys = self.toScreen(x,y) self.create_line(xs,ys,xs+1,ys, fill=color) self.__autoflush() def plotPixel(self, x, y, color="black"): """Set pixel raw (independent of window coordinates) pixel (x,y) to color""" self.__checkOpen() self.create_line(x,y,x+1,y, fill=color) self.__autoflush() def flush(self): """Update drawing to the window""" self.__checkOpen() self.update_idletasks() def getMouse(self): """Wait for mouse click and return Point object representing the click""" self.update() # flush any prior clicks self.mouseX = None self.mouseY = None while self.mouseX == None or self.mouseY == None: self.update() if self.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError("getMouse in closed window") time.sleep(.1) # give up thread x,y = self.toWorld(self.mouseX, self.mouseY) self.mouseX = None self.mouseY = None return Point(x,y) def checkMouse(self): """Return last mouse click or None if mouse has not been clicked since last call""" if self.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError("checkMouse in closed window") self.update() if self.mouseX != None and self.mouseY != None: x,y = self.toWorld(self.mouseX, self.mouseY) self.mouseX = None self.mouseY = None return Point(x,y) else: return None def getKey(self): """Wait for user to press a key and return it as a string.""" self.lastKey = "" while self.lastKey == "": self.update() if self.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError("getKey in closed window") time.sleep(.1) # give up thread key = self.lastKey self.lastKey = "" return key def checkKey(self): """Return last key pressed or None if no key pressed since last call""" if self.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError("checkKey in closed window") self.update() key = self.lastKey self.lastKey = "" return key def getHeight(self): """Return the height of the window""" return self.height def getWidth(self): """Return the width of the window""" return self.width def toScreen(self, x, y): trans = self.trans if trans: return self.trans.screen(x,y) else: return x,y def toWorld(self, x, y): trans = self.trans if trans: return self.trans.world(x,y) else: return x,y def setMouseHandler(self, func): self._mouseCallback = func def _onClick(self, e): self.mouseX = e.x self.mouseY = e.y if self._mouseCallback: self._mouseCallback(Point(e.x, e.y)) def addItem(self, item): self.items.append(item) def delItem(self, item): self.items.remove(item) def redraw(self): for item in self.items[:]: item.undraw() item.draw(self) self.update() class Transform: """Internal class for 2-D coordinate transformations""" def __init__(self, w, h, xlow, ylow, xhigh, yhigh): # w, h are width and height of window # (xlow,ylow) coordinates of lower-left [raw (0,h-1)] # (xhigh,yhigh) coordinates of upper-right [raw (w-1,0)] xspan = (xhigh-xlow) yspan = (yhigh-ylow) self.xbase = xlow self.ybase = yhigh self.xscale = xspan/float(w-1) self.yscale = yspan/float(h-1) def screen(self,x,y): # Returns x,y in screen (actually window) coordinates xs = (x-self.xbase) / self.xscale ys = (self.ybase-y) / self.yscale return int(xs+0.5),int(ys+0.5) def world(self,xs,ys): # Returns xs,ys in world coordinates x = xs*self.xscale + self.xbase y = self.ybase - ys*self.yscale return x,y# Default values for various item configuration options. Only a subset of# keys may be present in the configuration dictionary for a given itemDEFAULT_CONFIG = {"fill":"", "outline":"black", "width":"1", "arrow":"none", "text":"", "justify":"center", "font": ("helvetica", 12, "normal")}class GraphicsObject: """Generic base class for all of the drawable objects""" # A subclass of GraphicsObject should override _draw and # and _move methods. def __init__(self, options): # options is a list of strings indicating which options are # legal for this object. # When an object is drawn, canvas is set to the GraphWin(canvas) # object where it is drawn and id is the TK identifier of the # drawn shape. self.canvas = None self.id = None # config is the dictionary of configuration options for the widget. config = {} for option in options: config[option] = DEFAULT_CONFIG[option] self.config = config def setFill(self, color): """Set interior color to color""" self._reconfig("fill", color) def setOutline(self, color): """Set outline color to color""" self._reconfig("outline", color) def setWidth(self, width): """Set line weight to width""" self._reconfig("width", width) def draw(self, graphwin): """Draw the object in graphwin, which should be a GraphWin object. A GraphicsObject may only be drawn into one window. Raises an error if attempt made to draw an object that is already visible.""" if self.canvas and not self.canvas.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError(OBJ_ALREADY_DRAWN) if graphwin.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError("Can't draw to closed window") self.canvas = graphwin self.id = self._draw(graphwin, self.config) graphwin.addItem(self) if graphwin.autoflush: _root.update() return self def undraw(self): """Undraw the object (i.e. hide it). Returns silently if the object is not currently drawn.""" if not self.canvas: return if not self.canvas.isClosed(): self.canvas.delete(self.id) self.canvas.delItem(self) if self.canvas.autoflush: _root.update() self.canvas = None self.id = None def move(self, dx, dy): """move object dx units in x direction and dy units in y direction""" self._move(dx,dy) canvas = self.canvas if canvas and not canvas.isClosed(): trans = canvas.trans if trans: x = dx/ trans.xscale y = -dy / trans.yscale else: x = dx y = dy self.canvas.move(self.id, x, y) if canvas.autoflush: _root.update() def _reconfig(self, option, setting): # Internal method for changing configuration of the object # Raises an error if the option does not exist in the config # dictionary for this object if option not in self.config: raise GraphicsError(UNSUPPORTED_METHOD) options = self.config options[option] = setting if self.canvas and not self.canvas.isClosed(): self.canvas.itemconfig(self.id, options) if self.canvas.autoflush: _root.update() def _draw(self, canvas, options): """draws appropriate figure on canvas with options provided Returns Tk id of item drawn""" pass # must override in subclass def _move(self, dx, dy): """updates internal state of object to move it dx,dy units""" pass # must override in subclass class Point(GraphicsObject): def __init__(self, x, y): GraphicsObject.__init__(self, ["outline", "fill"]) self.setFill = self.setOutline self.x = float(x) self.y = float(y) def __repr__(self): return "Point({}, {})".format(self.x, self.y) def _draw(self, canvas, options): x,y = canvas.toScreen(self.x,self.y) return canvas.create_rectangle(x,y,x+1,y+1,options) def _move(self, dx, dy): self.x = self.x + dx self.y = self.y + dy def clone(self): other = Point(self.x,self.y) other.config = self.config.copy() return other def getX(self): return self.x def getY(self): return self.yclass _BBox(GraphicsObject): # Internal base class for objects represented by bounding box # (opposite corners) Line segment is a degenerate case. def __init__(self, p1, p2, options=["outline","width","fill"]): GraphicsObject.__init__(self, options) self.p1 = p1.clone() self.p2 = p2.clone() def _move(self, dx, dy): self.p1.x = self.p1.x + dx self.p1.y = self.p1.y + dy self.p2.x = self.p2.x + dx self.p2.y = self.p2.y + dy def getP1(self): return self.p1.clone() def getP2(self): return self.p2.clone() def getCenter(self): p1 = self.p1 p2 = self.p2 return Point((p1.x+p2.x)/2.0, (p1.y+p2.y)/2.0) class Rectangle(_BBox): def __init__(self, p1, p2): _BBox.__init__(self, p1, p2) def __repr__(self): return "Rectangle({}, {})".format(str(self.p1), str(self.p2)) def _draw(self, canvas, options): p1 = self.p1 p2 = self.p2 x1,y1 = canvas.toScreen(p1.x,p1.y) x2,y2 = canvas.toScreen(p2.x,p2.y) return canvas.create_rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,options) def clone(self): other = Rectangle(self.p1, self.p2) other.config = self.config.copy() return otherclass Oval(_BBox): def __init__(self, p1, p2): _BBox.__init__(self, p1, p2) def __repr__(self): return "Oval({}, {})".format(str(self.p1), str(self.p2)) def clone(self): other = Oval(self.p1, self.p2) other.config = self.config.copy() return other def _draw(self, canvas, options): p1 = self.p1 p2 = self.p2 x1,y1 = canvas.toScreen(p1.x,p1.y) x2,y2 = canvas.toScreen(p2.x,p2.y) return canvas.create_oval(x1,y1,x2,y2,options) class Circle(Oval): def __init__(self, center, radius): p1 = Point(center.x-radius, center.y-radius) p2 = Point(center.x+radius, center.y+radius) Oval.__init__(self, p1, p2) self.radius = radius def __repr__(self): return "Circle({}, {})".format(str(self.getCenter()), str(self.radius)) def clone(self): other = Circle(self.getCenter(), self.radius) other.config = self.config.copy() return other def getRadius(self): return self.radius class Line(_BBox): def __init__(self, p1, p2): _BBox.__init__(self, p1, p2, ["arrow","fill","width"]) self.setFill(DEFAULT_CONFIG['outline']) self.setOutline = self.setFill def __repr__(self): return "Line({}, {})".format(str(self.p1), str(self.p2)) def clone(self): other = Line(self.p1, self.p2) other.config = self.config.copy() return other def _draw(self, canvas, options): p1 = self.p1 p2 = self.p2 x1,y1 = canvas.toScreen(p1.x,p1.y) x2,y2 = canvas.toScreen(p2.x,p2.y) return canvas.create_line(x1,y1,x2,y2,options) def setArrow(self, option): if not option in ["first","last","both","none"]: raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION) self._reconfig("arrow", option) class Polygon(GraphicsObject): def __init__(self, *points): # if points passed as a list, extract it if len(points) == 1 and type(points[0]) == type([]): points = points[0] self.points = list(map(Point.clone, points)) GraphicsObject.__init__(self, ["outline", "width", "fill"]) def __repr__(self): return "Polygon"+str(tuple(p for p in self.points)) def clone(self): other = Polygon(*self.points) other.config = self.config.copy() return other def getPoints(self): return list(map(Point.clone, self.points)) def _move(self, dx, dy): for p in self.points: p.move(dx,dy) def _draw(self, canvas, options): args = [canvas] for p in self.points: x,y = canvas.toScreen(p.x,p.y) args.append(x) args.append(y) args.append(options) return GraphWin.create_polygon(*args) class Text(GraphicsObject): def __init__(self, p, text): GraphicsObject.__init__(self, ["justify","fill","text","font"]) self.setText(text) self.anchor = p.clone() self.setFill(DEFAULT_CONFIG['outline']) self.setOutline = self.setFill def __repr__(self): return "Text({}, '{}')".format(self.anchor, self.getText()) def _draw(self, canvas, options): p = self.anchor x,y = canvas.toScreen(p.x,p.y) return canvas.create_text(x,y,options) def _move(self, dx, dy): self.anchor.move(dx,dy) def clone(self): other = Text(self.anchor, self.config['text']) other.config = self.config.copy() return other def setText(self,text): self._reconfig("text", text) def getText(self): return self.config["text"] def getAnchor(self): return self.anchor.clone() def setFace(self, face): if face in ['helvetica','arial','courier','times roman']: f,s,b = self.config['font'] self._reconfig("font",(face,s,b)) else: raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION) def setSize(self, size): if 5 <= size <= 36: f,s,b = self.config['font'] self._reconfig("font", (f,size,b)) else: raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION) def setStyle(self, style): if style in ['bold','normal','italic', 'bold italic']: f,s,b = self.config['font'] self._reconfig("font", (f,s,style)) else: raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION) def setTextColor(self, color): self.setFill(color)class Entry(GraphicsObject): def __init__(self, p, width): GraphicsObject.__init__(self, []) self.anchor = p.clone() #print self.anchor self.width = width self.text = tk.StringVar(_root) self.text.set("") self.fill = "gray" self.color = "black" self.font = DEFAULT_CONFIG['font'] self.entry = None def __repr__(self): return "Entry({}, {})".format(self.anchor, self.width) def _draw(self, canvas, options): p = self.anchor x,y = canvas.toScreen(p.x,p.y) frm = tk.Frame(canvas.master) self.entry = tk.Entry(frm, width=self.width, textvariable=self.text, bg = self.fill, fg = self.color, font=self.font) self.entry.pack() #self.setFill(self.fill) self.entry.focus_set() return canvas.create_window(x,y,window=frm) def getText(self): return self.text.get() def _move(self, dx, dy): self.anchor.move(dx,dy) def getAnchor(self): return self.anchor.clone() def clone(self): other = Entry(self.anchor, self.width) other.config = self.config.copy() other.text = tk.StringVar() other.text.set(self.text.get()) other.fill = self.fill return other def setText(self, t): self.text.set(t) def setFill(self, color): self.fill = color if self.entry: self.entry.config(bg=color) def _setFontComponent(self, which, value): font = list(self.font) font[which] = value self.font = tuple(font) if self.entry: self.entry.config(font=self.font) def setFace(self, face): if face in ['helvetica','arial','courier','times roman']: self._setFontComponent(0, face) else: raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION) def setSize(self, size): if 5 <= size <= 36: self._setFontComponent(1,size) else: raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION) def setStyle(self, style): if style in ['bold','normal','italic', 'bold italic']: self._setFontComponent(2,style) else: raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION) def setTextColor(self, color): self.color=color if self.entry: self.entry.config(fg=color)class Image(GraphicsObject): idCount = 0 imageCache = {} # tk photoimages go here to avoid GC while drawn def __init__(self, p, *pixmap): GraphicsObject.__init__(self, []) self.anchor = p.clone() self.imageId = Image.idCount Image.idCount = Image.idCount + 1 if len(pixmap) == 1: # file name provided self.img = tk.PhotoImage(file=pixmap[0], master=_root) else: # width and height provided width, height = pixmap self.img = tk.PhotoImage(master=_root, width=width, height=height) def __repr__(self): return "Image({}, {}, {})".format(self.anchor, self.getWidth(), self.getHeight()) def _draw(self, canvas, options): p = self.anchor x,y = canvas.toScreen(p.x,p.y) self.imageCache[self.imageId] = self.img # save a reference return canvas.create_image(x,y,image=self.img) def _move(self, dx, dy): self.anchor.move(dx,dy) def undraw(self): try: del self.imageCache[self.imageId] # allow gc of tk photoimage except KeyError: pass GraphicsObject.undraw(self) def getAnchor(self): return self.anchor.clone() def clone(self): other = Image(Point(0,0), 0, 0) other.img = self.img.copy() other.anchor = self.anchor.clone() other.config = self.config.copy() return other def getWidth(self): """Returns the width of the image in pixels""" return self.img.width() def getHeight(self): """Returns the height of the image in pixels""" return self.img.height() def getPixel(self, x, y): """Returns a list [r,g,b] with the RGB color values for pixel (x,y) r,g,b are in range(256) """ value = self.img.get(x,y) if type(value) == type(0): return [value, value, value] elif type(value) == type((0,0,0)): return list(value) else: return list(map(int, value.split())) def setPixel(self, x, y, color): """Sets pixel (x,y) to the given color """ self.img.put("{" + color +"}", (x, y)) def save(self, filename): """Saves the pixmap image to filename. The format for the save image is determined from the filname extension. """ path, name = os.path.split(filename) ext = name.split(".")[-1] self.img.write( filename, format=ext) def color_rgb(r,g,b): """r,g,b are intensities of red, green, and blue in range(256) Returns color specifier string for the resulting color""" return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r,g,b)def test(): win = GraphWin() win.setCoords(0,0,10,10) t = Text(Point(5,5), "Centered Text") t.draw(win) p = Polygon(Point(1,1), Point(5,3), Point(2,7)) p.draw(win) e = Entry(Point(5,6), 10) e.draw(win) win.getMouse() p.setFill("red") p.setOutline("blue") p.setWidth(2) s = "" for pt in p.getPoints(): s = s + "(%0.1f,%0.1f) " % (pt.getX(), pt.getY()) t.setText(e.getText()) e.setFill("green") e.setText("Spam!") e.move(2,0) win.getMouse() p.move(2,3) s = "" for pt in p.getPoints(): s = s + "(%0.1f,%0.1f) " % (pt.getX(), pt.getY()) t.setText(s) win.getMouse() p.undraw() e.undraw() t.setStyle("bold") win.getMouse() t.setStyle("normal") win.getMouse() t.setStyle("italic") win.getMouse() t.setStyle("bold italic") win.getMouse() t.setSize(14) win.getMouse() t.setFace("arial") t.setSize(20) win.getMouse() win.close()#MacOS fix 2#tk.Toplevel(_root).destroy()# MacOS fix 1update()if __name__ == "__main__": test() 给定的测试代码文件 skyline.py：
from building import *from graphics import *def main(): # Create a window object and make it appear windowWidth = 800 windowHeight = 500 window = GraphWin('Skyline',windowWidth,windowHeight) # Generate 50 building objects, and draw each one. # Sum up the area as you go along. totalArea = 0 for i in range(50): building = Building() building.setHeightRandom(windowHeight) building.setWidthRandom(windowWidth/5) building.setColorRandom() building.setLocationRandom(windowWidth) building.draw(window,windowHeight) totalArea = totalArea + building.area() # Display results. print("Total area =", totalArea) #input("Press enter when done") window.getMouse() window.close()main()大致的作图结果如下：
Graphics 参考手册：
Graphics Reference (graphics.py v5)1 OverviewThe package graphics.py is a simple object oriented graphics library designed to make it very easyfor novice programmers to experiment with computer graphics in an object oriented fashion. It waswritten by John Zelle for use with the book \Python Programming: An Introduction to ComputerScience" (Franklin, Beedle & Associates). The most recent version of the library can obtained athttp://mcsp.wartburg.edu/zelle/python. This document is a reference to the functionality providedin the library. See the comments in the file for installation instructions.There are two kinds of objects in the library. The GraphWin class implements a window wheredrawing can be done, and various graphics objects are provided that can be drawn into a GraphWin.As a simple example, here is a complete program to draw a circle of radius 10 centered in a 100x100window:from graphics import *def main():win = GraphWin("My Circle", 100, 100)c = Circle(Point(50,50), 10)c.draw(win)win.getMouse() # pause for click in windowwin.close()main()GraphWin objects support coordinate transformation through the setCoords method and inputvia mouse or keyboard. The library provides the following graphical objects: Point, Line, Circle,Oval, Rectangle, Polygon, Text, Entry (for text-based input), and Image. Various attributes ofgraphical objects can be set such as outline-color, fill-color, and line-width. Graphical objects alsosupport moving and undrawing for animation effects.2 GraphWin ObjectsA GraphWin object represents a window on the screen where graphical images may be drawn. Aprogram may define any number of GraphWins. A GraphWin understands the following methods:GraphWin(title, width, height) Constructs a new graphics window for drawing on the screen.The parameters are optional; the default title is \Graphics Window," and the default size is200 x 200 pixels.Example: win = GraphWin("Investment Growth", 640, 480)plot(x, y, color) Draws the pixel at (x; y) in the window. Color is optional; black is the default.Example: win.plot(35, 128, "blue")plotPixel(x, y, color) Draws the pixel at the \raw" position (x; y), ignoring any coordinatetransformations set up by setCoords.Example: win.plotPixel(35, 128, "blue")setBackground(color) Sets the window background to the given color. The default backgroundcolor depends on your system. See Section 4.8.5 for information on specifying colors.Example: win.setBackground("white")close() Closes the on-screen window.Example: win.close()getMouse() Pauses for the user to click a mouse in the window and returns where the mouse wasclicked as a Point object.Example: clickPoint = win.getMouse()checkMouse() Similar to getMouse, but does not pause for a user click. Returns the last pointwhere the mouse was clicked or None if the window has not been clicked since the previouscall to checkMouse or getMouse. This is particularly useful for controlling animation loops(see Chapter 8).Example: clickPoint = win.checkMouse()Note: clickPoint may be None.getKey() Pauses for the user to type a key on the keyboard and returns a string representing thekey that was pressed.Example: keyString = win.getKey()checkKey() Similar to getKey, but does not pause for the user to press a key. Returns the last keythat was pressed or "" if no key was pressed since the previous call to checkKey or getKey.This is particularly useful for controlling simple animation loops (see Chapter 8).Example: keyString = win.checkKey()Note: keyString may be the empty string ""setCoords(xll, yll, xur, yur) Sets the coordinate system of the window. The lower-left corneris (xll; yll) and the upper-right corner is (xur; yur). Currently drawn objects are redrawn andsubsequent drawing is done with respect to the new coordinate system (except for plotPixel).Example: win.setCoords(0, 0, 200, 100)The module provides the following classes of drawable objects: Point, Line, Circle, Oval, Rectangle,Polygon, and Text. All objects are initially created unfilled with a black outline. All graphics objects support the following generic set of methods:setFill(color) Sets the interior of the object to the given color.Example: someObject.setFill("red")setOutline(color) Sets the outline of the object to the given color.Example: someObject.setOutline("yellow")setWidth(pixels) Sets the width of the outline of the object to the desired number of pixels.(Does not work for Point.)Example: someObject.setWidth(3)draw(aGraphWin) Draws the object into the given GraphWin and returns the drawn object.Example: someObject.draw(someGraphWin)undraw() Undraws the object from a graphics window. If the object is not currently drawn, noaction is taken.Example: someObject.undraw()move(dx,dy) Moves the object dx units in the x direction and dy units in the y direction. If theobject is currently drawn, the image is adjusted to the new position.Example: someObject.move(10, 15.5)clone() Returns a duplicate of the object. Clones are always created in an undrawn state. Otherthan that, they are identical to the cloned object.Example: objectCopy = someObject.clone()3.1 Point MethodsPoint(x,y) Constructs a point having the given coordinates.Example: aPoint = Point(3.5, 8)getX() Returns the x coordinate of a point.Example: xValue = aPoint.getX()getY() Returns the y coordinate of a point.Example: yValue = aPoint.getY()3.2 Line MethodsLine(point1, point2) Constructs a line segment from point1 to point2.Example: aLine = Line(Point(1,3), Point(7,4))setArrow(endString) Sets the arrowhead status of a line. Arrows may be drawn at either the firstpoint, the last point, or both. Possible values of endString are "first", "last", "both",and "none". The default setting is "none".Example: aLine.setArrow("both")getCenter() Returns a clone of the midpoint of the line segment.Example: midPoint = aLine.getCenter()getP1(), getP2() Returns a clone of the corresponding endpoint of the segment.Example: startPoint = aLine.getP1()3.3 Circle MethodsCircle(centerPoint, radius) Constructs a circle with the given center point and radius.Example: aCircle = Circle(Point(3,4), 10.5)getCenter() Returns a clone of the center point of the circle.Example: centerPoint = aCircle.getCenter()getRadius() Returns the radius of the circle.Example: radius = aCircle.getRadius()getP1(), getP2() Returns a clone of the corresponding corner of the circle’s bounding box. Theseare opposite corner points of a square that circumscribes the circle.Example: cornerPoint = aCircle.getP1()3.4 Rectangle MethodsRectangle(point1, point2) Constructs a rectangle having opposite corners at point1 and point2.Example: aRectangle = Rectangle(Point(1,3), Point(4,7))getCenter() Returns a clone of the center point of the rectangle.Example: centerPoint = aRectangle.getCenter()getP1(), getP2() Returns a clone of the corresponding point used to construct the rectangle.Example: cornerPoint = aRectangle.getP1()3.5 Oval MethodsOval(point1, point2) Constructs an oval in the bounding box determined by point1 and point2.Example: anOval = Oval(Point(1,2), Point(3,4))getCenter() Returns a clone of the point at the center of the oval.Example: centerPoint = anOval.getCenter()getP1(), getP2() Returns a clone of the corresponding point used to construct the oval.Example: cornerPoint = anOval.getP1()3.6 Polygon MethodsPolygon(point1, point2, point3, ...) Constructs a polygon with the given points as vertices.Also accepts a single parameter that is a list of the vertices.Example: aPolygon = Polygon(Point(1,2), Point(3,4), Point(5,6))Example: aPolygon = Polygon([Point(1,2), Point(3,4), Point(5,6)])getPoints() Returns a list containing clones of the points used to construct the polygon.Example: pointList = aPolygon.getPoints()3.7 Text MethodsText(anchorPoint, textString) Constructs a text object that displays textString centered atanchorPoint. The text is displayed horizontally.Example: message = Text(Point(3,4), "Hello!")setText(string) Sets the text of the object to string.Example: message.setText("Goodbye!")getText() Returns the current string.Example: msgString = message.getText()getAnchor() Returns a clone of the anchor point.Example: centerPoint = message.getAnchor()setFace(family) Changes the font face to the given family. Possible values are "helvetica","courier", "times roman", and "arial".Example: message.setFace("arial")setSize(point) Changes the font size to the given point size. Sizes from 5 to 36 points are legal.Example: message.setSize(18)setStyle(style) Changes font to the given style. Possible values are: "normal", "bold","italic", and "bold italic".Example: message.setStyle("bold")setTextColor(color) Sets the color of the text to color. Note: setFill has the same effect.Example: message.setTextColor("pink")4 Entry ObjectsObjects of type Entry are displayed as text entry boxes that can be edited by the user of theprogram. Entry objects support the generic graphics methods move(), draw(graphwin), undraw(),setFill(color), and clone(). The Entry specific methods are given below.Entry(centerPoint, width) Constructs an Entry having the given center point and width. Thewidth is specified in number of characters of text that can be displayed.Example: inputBox = Entry(Point(3,4), 5)getAnchor() Returns a clone of the point where the entry box is centered.Example: centerPoint = inputBox.getAnchor()getText() Returns the string of text that is currently in the entry box.Example: inputStr = inputBox.getText()setText(string) Sets the text in the entry box to the given string.Example: inputBox.setText("32.0")setFace(family) Changes the font face to the given family. Possible values are "helvetica","courier", "times roman", and "arial".Example: inputBox.setFace("courier")setSize(point) Changes the font size to the given point size. Sizes from 5 to 36 points are legal.Example: inputBox.setSize(12)setStyle(style) Changes font to the given style. Possible values are: "normal", "bold","italic", and "bold italic".Example: inputBox.setStyle("italic")setTextColor(color) Sets the color of the text to color.Example: inputBox.setTextColor("green")5 Displaying ImagesThe graphics module also provides minimal support for displaying and manipulating images in aGraphWin. Most platforms will support at least PPM and GIF images. Display is done with anImage object. Images support the generic methods move(dx,dy), draw(graphwin), undraw(), andclone(). Image-specific methods are given below.Image(anchorPoint, filename) Constructs an image from contents of the given file, centered atthe given anchor point. Can also be called with width and height parameters instead offilename. In this case, a blank (transparent) image is created of the given width and height(in pixels).Example: flowerImage = Image(Point(100,100), "flower.gif")Example: blankImage = Image(320, 240)getAnchor() Returns a clone of the point where the image is centered.Example: centerPoint = flowerImage.getAnchor()getWidth() Returns the width of the image.Example: widthInPixels = flowerImage.getWidth()getHeight() Returns the height of the image.Example: heightInPixels = flowerImage.getHeight()getPixel(x, y) Returns a list [red, green, blue] of the RGB values of the pixel at position(x,y). Each value is a number in the range 0{255 indicating the intensity of the correspondingRGB color. These numbers can be turned into a color string using the color rgb function(see next section).Note that pixel position is relative to the image itself, not the window where the image maybe drawn. The upper-left corner of the image is always pixel (0,0).Example: red, green, blue = flowerImage.getPixel(32,18)setPixel(x, y, color) Sets the pixel at position (x,y) to the given color. Note: This is a slowoperation.Example: flowerImage.setPixel(32, 18, "blue")save(filename) Saves the image to a file. The type of the resulting file (e.g., GIF or PPM) isdetermined by the extension on the filename.Example: flowerImage.save("mypic.ppm")6 Generating ColorsColors are indicated by strings. Most normal colors such as "red", "purple", "green", "cyan",etc. should be available. Many colors come in various shades, such as "red1", "red2","red3","red4", which are increasingly darker shades of red. For a full list, look up X11 color names on theweb.The graphics module also provides a function for mixing your own colors numerically. Thefunction color rgb(red, green, blue) will return a string representing a color that is a mixtureof the intensities of red, green and blue specified. These should be ints in the range 0{255. Thuscolor rgb(255, 0, 0) is a bright red, while color rgb(130, 0, 130) is a medium magenta.Example: aCircle.setFill(color rgb(130, 0, 130))7 Controlling Display Updates (Advanced)Usually, the visual display of a GraphWin is updated whenever any graphics object’s visible stateis changed in some way. However, under some circumstances, for example when using the graphicslibrary inside some interactive shells, it may be necessary to force the window to update in orderfor changes to be seen. The update() function is provided to do this.update() Causes any pending graphics operations to be carried out and the results displayed.For efficiency reasons, it is sometimes desirable to turn off the automatic updating of a windowevery time one of the objects changes. For example, in an animation, you might want to change theappearance of multiple objects before showing the next \frame" of the animation. The GraphWinconstructor includes a special extra parameter called autoflush that controls this automatic updating. By default, autoflush is on when a window is created. To turn it off, the autoflushparameter should be set to False, like this:win = GraphWin("My Animation", 400, 400, autoflush=False)Now changes to the objects in win will only be shown when the graphics system has some idle timeor when the changes are forced by a call to update().The update() method also takes an optional parameter that specifies the maximum rate (persecond) at which updates can happen. This is useful for controlling the speed of animations in ahardware-independent fashion. For example, placing the command update(30) at the bottom ofa loop ensures that the loop will \spin" at most 30 times per second. The update command willinsert an appropriate pause each time through to maintain a relatively constant rate. Of course,the rate throttling will only work when the body of the loop itself executes in less than 1/30th ofa second.Example: 1000 frames at 30 frames per secondwin = GraphWin("Update Example", 320, 200, autoflush=False)for i in range(1000):# update(30) 导入graphics.py后，调用tkinter库编写代码就变得简单方便。我用它简单写了一段围棋展示代码，之所以简单没涉及吃子、提子、打劫等，运行效果如下：
源代码如下：
from graphics import *from time import sleepclass goChess: def __init__(self, x, y, color=1): self.color = "black" if color==0 else "white" self.x,self.y = x,y self.circle = Circle(Point(0,0),0) def draw(self): self.circle = Circle(Point(self.x,self.y),0.4) self.circle.setFill(self.color) self.circle.draw(win) def undraw(self): self.circle.undraw()def showBoard(): for i in range(18): for j in range(18): k = Rectangle(Point(i+1,j+1),Point(i+2,j+2)) k.draw(win) k = Rectangle(Point(0.92,0.88),Point(19.1,19.08)) k.draw(win) k.setWidth(2) for i in range(3): for j in range(3): p = Circle(Point(i*6+4,j*6+4),0.1) p.draw(win) p.setFill("black")def runGame(): global chess chess = [] coord = [(4,4),(16,16),(4,16),(16,4),(14,17),(6,3),(3,3),(4,2),(3,6),(9,3), (4,9),(15,17),(14,16),(16,14),(10,16),(14,4),(17,9),(17,11),(17,6), (3,14),(3,12),(3,17),(4,17),(3,16),(3,18),(2,18),(4,18),(3,13), (4,12),(17,4),(8,16),(6,5)] for i,go in enumerate(coord): t = goChess(go[0],go[1],i%2) t.draw() sleep(1) chess.append(t)def delAll(): global chess for go in chess: go.undraw()def main(): global win,chess win = GraphWin("围棋",640,480) win.setCoords(0,0,640/24,480/24) showBoard() win.getMouse() runGame() win.getMouse() delAll() win.getMouse() win.close()if __name__ == "__main__": main()还有很多库函数都没用到呢，如果你感兴趣的话，自己来研究吧。
来源地址：https://blog.csdn.net/boysoft2002/article/details/127662663
