小编给大家分享一下基于Vue如何实现移动端图片裁剪组件功能,希望大家阅读完这篇文章之后都有所收获,下面让我们一起去探讨吧!
最近项目上要做一个车牌识别的功能。本来以为很简单,只需要将图片扔给后台就可以了,但是经测试后识别率只有20-40%。因此产品建议拍摄图片后,可以对图片进行拖拽和缩放,然后裁剪车牌部分上传给后台来提高识别率。刚开始的话还是百度了一下看看有没有现成的组件,但是找来找去都没有找到一个合适的,还好这个功能不是很着急,因此自己周末就在家里研究一下。
Demo地址:https://vivialex.github.io/demo/imageClipper/index.html
下载地址:https://github.com/vivialex/vue-imageClipper
因为移动端是用vue,所以就写成了一个vue组件,下面就说说自己的一些实现思路(本人技术有限,各位大神请体谅。另外展示的代码不一定是某个功能的完整代码),先看看效果:
一、组件的初始化参数
1、图片img(url或者base64 data-url)
2、截图的宽clipperImgWidth
3、截图的高clipperImgHeight
props: {
img: String, //url或dataUrl
clipperImgWidth: {
type: Number,
default: 500
},
clipperImgHeight: {
type: Number,
default: 200
}
}
二、布局
在Z轴方向看主要是由4层组成。第1层是一个占满整个容器的canvas(称cCanvas);第2层是一个有透明度的遮罩层;第3层是裁剪的区域(示例图中的白色方框),里面包含一个与裁剪区域大小相等的canvas(称pCanvas);第4层是一个透明层gesture-mask,用作绑定touchstart,touchmove,touchend事件。其中两个canvas都会加载同一张图片,只是起始坐标不一样。为什么需要两个canvas?因为想做出当手指离开屏幕时,裁剪区域外的部分表面会有一个遮罩层的效果,这样能突出裁剪区域的内容。
<div class="cut-container" ref="cut">
<canvas ref="canvas"></canvas>
<!-- 裁剪部分 -->
<div class="cut-part">
<div class="pCanvas-container">
<canvas ref="pCanvas"></canvas>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 底部操作栏 -->
<div class="action-bar">
<button class="btn-cancel" @click="_cancel">取消</button>
<button class="btn-ok" @click="_cut">确认</button>
</div>
<!-- 背景遮罩 -->
<div class="mask" :class="{opacity: maskShow}"></div>
<!-- 手势操作层 -->
<div class="gesture-mask" ref="gesture"></div>
</div>
三、初始化canvas
canvas绘制的图片在hdpi显示屏上会出现模糊,具体原因这里不作分析,可以参考下这里。我这里的做法是让canvas的width与height为其css width/height的devicePixelRatio倍,以及调用canvas api时所传入的参数都要乘以window.devicePixelRatio。最后还要记录一下两个canvas坐标原点的x, y差值(originXDiff与originYDiff)。如下
_ratio(size) {
return parseInt(window.devicePixelRatio * size);
},
_initCanvas() {
let $canvas = this.$refs.canvas,
$pCanvas = this.$refs.pCanvas,
clipperClientRect = this.$refs.clipper.getBoundingClientRect(),
clipperWidth = parseInt(this.clipperImgWidth / window.devicePixelRatio),
clipperHeight = parseInt(this.clipperImgHeight / window.devicePixelRatio);
this.ctx = $canvas.getContext('2d');
this.pCtx = $pCanvas.getContext('2d');
//判断clipperWidth与clipperHeight有没有超过容器值
if (clipperWidth < 0 || clipperWidth > clipperClientRect.width) {
clipperWidth = 250
}
if (clipperHeight < 0 || clipperHeight > clipperClientRect.height) {
clipperHeight = 100
}
//因为canvas在手机上会被放大,因此里面的内容会模糊,这里根据手机的devicePixelRatio来放大canvas,然后再通过设置css来收缩,因此关于canvas的所有值或坐标都要乘以devicePixelRatio
$canvas.style.width = clipperClientRect.width + 'px';
$canvas.style.height = clipperClientRect.height + 'px';
$canvas.width = this._ratio(clipperClientRect.width);
$canvas.height = this._ratio(clipperClientRect.height);
$pCanvas.style.width = clipperWidth + 'px';
$pCanvas.style.height = clipperHeight + 'px';
$pCanvas.width = this._ratio(clipperWidth);
$pCanvas.height = this._ratio(clipperHeight);
//计算两个canvas原点的x y差值
let cClientRect = $canvas.getBoundingClientRect(),
pClientRect = $pCanvas.getBoundingClientRect();
this.originXDiff = pClientRect.left - cClientRect.left;
this.originYDiff = pClientRect.top - cClientRect.top;
this.cWidth = cClientRect.width;
this.cHeight = cClientRect.height;
}
四、加载图片
加载图片比较简单,首先是创建一个Image对象并监听器onload事件(因为加载的图片有可能是跨域的,因此要设置其crossOrigin属性为Anonymous,然后服务器上要设置Access-Control-Allow-Origin响应头)。加载的图片如果宽高大于容器的宽高,要对其进行缩小处理。最后垂直水平居中显示()(这里注意的是要保存图片绘制前的宽高值,因为日后缩放图片是以该值为基础再乘以缩放倍率,这里取imgStartWidth,imgStartHeight)如下
_loadImg() {
if (this.imgLoading || this.loadImgQueue.length === 0) {
return;
}
let img = this.loadImgQueue.shift();
if (!img) {
return;
}
let $img = new Image(),
onLoad = e => {
$img.removeEventListener('load', onLoad, false);
this.$img = $img;
this.imgLoaded = true;
this.imgLoading = false;
this._initImg($img.width, $img.height);
this.$emit('loadSuccess', e);
this.$emit('loadComplete', e);
this._loadImg();
},
onError = e => {
$img.removeEventListener('error', onError, false);
this.$img = $img = null;
this.imgLoading = false;
this.$emit('loadError', e);
this.$emit('loadComplete', e);
this._loadImg();
};
this.$emit('beforeLoad');
this.imgLoading = true;
this.imgLoaded = false;
$img.src = this.img;
$img.crossOrigin = 'Anonymous'; //因为canvas toDataUrl不能操作未经允许的跨域图片,这需要服务器设置Access-Control-Allow-Origin头
$img.addEventListener('load', onLoad, false);
$img.addEventListener('error', onError, false);
}
_initImg(w, h) {
let eW = null,
eH = null,
maxW = this.cWidth,
maxH = this.cHeight - this.actionBarHeight;
//如果图片的宽高都少于容器的宽高,则不做处理
if (w <= maxW && h <= maxH) {
eW = w;
eH = h;
} else if (w > maxW && h <= maxH) {
eW = maxW;
eH = parseInt(h / w * maxW);
} else if (w <= maxW && h > maxH) {
eW = parseInt(w / h * maxH);
eH = maxH;
} else {
//判断是横图还是竖图
if (h > w) {
eW = parseInt(w / h * maxH);
eH = maxH;
} else {
eW = maxW;
eH = parseInt(h / w * maxW);
}
}
if (eW <= maxW && eH <= maxH) {
//记录其初始化的宽高,日后的缩放功能以此值为基础
this.imgStartWidth = eW;
this.imgStartHeight = eH;
this._drawImage((maxW - eW) / 2, (maxH - eH) / 2, eW, eH);
} else {
this._initImg(eW, eH);
}
}
五、绘制图片
下面的_drawImage有四个参数,分别是图片对应cCanvas的x,y坐标以及图片目前的宽高w,h。函数首先会清空两个canvas的内容,方法是重新设置canvas的宽高。然后更新组件实例中对应的值,最后再调用两个canvas的drawImage去绘制图片。对于pCanvas来说,其绘制的图片坐标值为x,y减去对应的originXDiff与originYDiff(其实相当于切换坐标系显示而已,因此只需要减去两个坐标系原点的x,y差值即可)。看看代码
_drawImage(x, y, w, h) {
this._clearCanvas();
this.imgX = parseInt(x);
this.imgY = parseInt(y);
this.imgCurrentWidth = parseInt(w);
this.imgCurrentHeight = parseInt(h);
//更新canvas
this.ctx.drawImage(this.$img, this._ratio(x), this._ratio(y), this._ratio(w), this._ratio(h));
//更新pCanvas,只需要减去两个canvas坐标原点对应的差值即可
this.pCtx.drawImage(this.$img, this._ratio(x - this.originXDiff), this._ratio(y - this.originYDiff), this._ratio(w), this._ratio(h));
},
_clearCanvas() {
let $canvas = this.$refs.canvas,
$pCanvas = this.$refs.pCanvas;
$canvas.width = $canvas.width;
$canvas.height = $canvas.height;
$pCanvas.width = $pCanvas.width;
$pCanvas.height = $pCanvas.height;
}
六、移动图片
移动图片实现非常简单,首先给gesture-mask绑定touchstart,touchmove,touchend事件,下面分别介绍这三个事件的内容
首先定义四个变量scx, scy(手指的起始坐标),iX,iY(图片目前的坐标,相对于cCanvas)。
1、touchstart
方法很简单,就是获取touches[0]的pageX,pageY来更新scx与scy以及更新iX与iY
2、touchmove
获取touches[0]的pageX,声明变量f1x存放,移动后的x坐标等于iX + f1x - scx,y坐标同理,最后调用_drawImage来更新图片。
看看代码吧
_initEvent() {
let $gesture = this.$refs.gesture,
scx = 0,
scy = 0;
let iX = this.imgX,
iY = this.imgY;
$gesture.addEventListener('touchstart', e => {
if (!this.imgLoaded) {
return;
}
let finger = e.touches[0];
scx = finger.pageX;
scy = finger.pageY;
iX = this.imgX;
iY = this.imgY;
}, false);
$gesture.addEventListener('touchmove', e => {
e.preventDefault();
if (!this.imgLoaded) {
return;
}
let f1x = e.touches[0].pageX,
f1y = e.touches[0].pageY;
this._drawImage(iX + f1x - scx, iY + f1y - scy, this.imgCurrentWidth, this.imgCurrentHeight);
}, false);
}
七、缩放图片(这里不作特别说明的坐标都是相对于cCanvas坐标系)
绘制缩放后的图片无非需要4个参数,缩放后图片左上角的坐标以及宽高。求宽高相对好办,宽高等于imgStartWidth * 缩放比率与imgstartHeight * 缩放倍率(imgStartWidth ,imgstartHeight 上文第四节有提到)。接下来就是求缩放倍率的问题了,首先在touchstart事件上求取两手指间的距离d1;然后在touchmove事件上继续求取两手指间的距离d2,当前缩放倍率= 初始缩放倍率 + (d2-d1) / 步长(例如每60px算0.1),touchend事件上让初始缩放倍率=当前缩放倍率。
至于如何求取缩放后图片左上角的坐标值,在草稿纸上画来画去,画了很久......终于有点眉目。首先要找到一个缩放中心(这里做法是取双指的中点坐标,但是这个坐标必须要位于图片上,如果不在图片上,则取图片上离该中点坐标最近的点),然后存在下面这个等式
(缩放中心x坐标 - 缩放后图片左上角x坐标)/ 缩放后图片的宽度 = (缩放中心x坐标 - 缩放前图片左上角x坐标)/ 缩放前图片的宽度;(y坐标同理)
接下来看看下面这个例子(在visio找了很久都没有画坐标系的功能,所以只能手工画了)
绿色框是一张10*5的图片,蓝色框是宽高放大两倍后的图片20*10,根据上面的公式推算的x2 = sx - w2(sx - x1) / w1,y2 = sy - h3(sy - y1) / h2。
坚持...继续看看代码吧
_initEvent() {
let $gesture = this.$refs.gesture,
cClientRect = this.$refs.canvas.getBoundingClientRect(),
scx = 0, //对于单手操作是移动的起点坐标,对于缩放是图片距离两手指的中点最近的图标。
scy = 0,
fingers = {}; //记录当前有多少只手指在触控屏幕
//one finger
let iX = this.imgX,
iY = this.imgY;
//two finger
let figureDistance = 0,
pinchScale = this.imgScale;
$gesture.addEventListener('touchstart', e => {
if (!this.imgLoaded) {
return;
}
if (e.touches.length === 1) {
let finger = e.touches[0];
scx = finger.pageX;
scy = finger.pageY;
iX = this.imgX;
iY = this.imgY;
fingers[finger.identifier] = finger;
} else if (e.touches.length === 2) {
let finger1 = e.touches[0],
finger2 = e.touches[1],
f1x = finger1.pageX - cClientRect.left,
f1y = finger1.pageY - cClientRect.top,
f2x = finger2.pageX - cClientRect.left,
f2y = finger2.pageY - cClientRect.top;
scx = parseInt((f1x + f2x) / 2);
scy = parseInt((f1y + f2y) / 2);
figureDistance = this._pointDistance(f1x, f1y, f2x, f2y);
fingers[finger1.identifier] = finger1;
fingers[finger2.identifier] = finger2;
//判断变换中点是否在图片中,如果不是则去离图片最近的点
if (scx < this.imgX) {
scx = this.imgX;
}
if (scx > this.imgX + this.imgCurrentWidth) {
scx = this.imgX + this.imgCurrentHeight;
}
if (scy < this.imgY) {
scy = this.imgY;
}
if (scy > this.imgY + this.imgCurrentHeight) {
scy = this.imgY + this.imgCurrentHeight;
}
}
}, false);
$gesture.addEventListener('touchmove', e => {
e.preventDefault();
if (!this.imgLoaded) {
return;
}
this.maskShowTimer && clearTimeout(this.maskShowTimer);
this.maskShow = false;
if (e.touches.length === 1) {
let f1x = e.touches[0].pageX,
f1y = e.touches[0].pageY;
this._drawImage(iX + f1x - scx, iY + f1y - scy, this.imgCurrentWidth, this.imgCurrentHeight);
} else if (e.touches.length === 2) {
let finger1 = e.touches[0],
finger2 = e.touches[1],
f1x = finger1.pageX - cClientRect.left,
f1y = finger1.pageY - cClientRect.top,
f2x = finger2.pageX - cClientRect.left,
f2y = finger2.pageY - cClientRect.top,
newFigureDistance = this._pointDistance(f1x, f1y, f2x, f2y),
scale = this.imgScale + parseFloat(((newFigureDistance - figureDistance) / this.imgScaleStep).toFixed(1));
fingers[finger1.identifier] = finger1;
fingers[finger2.identifier] = finger2;
if (scale !== pinchScale) {
//目前缩放的最小比例是1,最大是5
if (scale < this.imgMinScale) {
scale = this.imgMinScale;
} else if (scale > this.imgMaxScale) {
scale = this.imgMaxScale;
}
pinchScale = scale;
this._scale(scx, scy, scale);
}
}
}, false);
$gesture.addEventListener('touchend', e => {
if (!this.imgLoaded) {
return;
}
this.imgScale = pinchScale;
//从finger删除已经离开的手指
let touches = Array.prototype.slice.call(e.changedTouches, 0);
touches.forEach(item => {
delete fingers[item.identifier];
});
//迭代fingers,如果存在finger则更新scx,scy,iX,iY,因为可能缩放后立即单指拖动
let i,
fingerArr = [];
for(i in fingers) {
if (fingers.hasOwnProperty(i)) {
fingerArr.push(fingers[i]);
}
}
if (fingerArr.length > 0) {
scx = fingerArr[0].pageX;
scy = fingerArr[0].pageY;
iX = this.imgX;
iY = this.imgY;
} else {
this.maskShowTimer = setTimeout(() => {
this.maskShow = true;
}, 300);
}
//做边界值检测
let x = this.imgX,
y = this.imgY,
pClientRect = this.$refs.pCanvas.getBoundingClientRect();
if (x > pClientRect.left + pClientRect.width) {
x = pClientRect.left
} else if (x + this.imgCurrentWidth < pClientRect.left) {
x = pClientRect.left + pClientRect.width - this.imgCurrentWidth;
}
if (y > pClientRect.top + pClientRect.height) {
y = pClientRect.top;
} else if (y + this.imgCurrentHeight < pClientRect.top) {
y = pClientRect.top + pClientRect.height - this.imgCurrentHeight;
}
if (this.imgX !== x || this.imgY !== y) {
this._drawImage(x, y, this.imgCurrentWidth, this.imgCurrentHeight);
}
});
},
_scale(x, y, scale) {
let newPicWidth = parseInt(this.imgStartWidth * scale),
newPicHeight = parseInt(this.imgStartHeight * scale),
newIX = parseInt(x - newPicWidth * (x - this.imgX) / this.imgCurrentWidth),
newIY = parseInt(y - newPicHeight * (y - this.imgY) / this.imgCurrentHeight);
this._drawImage(newIX, newIY, newPicWidth, newPicHeight);
},
_pointDistance(x1, y1, x2, y2) {
return parseInt(Math.sqrt((x1 - x2) * (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) * (y1 - y2)));
}
说明一下fingers是干嘛的,是用来记录当前有多少只手指在屏幕上触摸。可能会出现这种情况,双指缩放后,其中一只手指移出显示屏,而另外一个手指在显示屏上移动。针对这种情况,要在touchend事件上根据e.changedTouches来移除fingers里已经离开显示屏的finger,如果此时fingers里只剩下一个finger,则更新scx,scy,iX,iY为移动图片做初始化准备。
八、裁剪图片
这里很简单,就调用pCanvas的toDataURL方法就可以了
_clipper() {
let imgData = null;
try {
imgData = this.$refs.pCanvas.toDataURL();
} catch (e) {
console.error('请在response header加上Access-Control-Allow-Origin,否则canvas无法裁剪未经许可的跨域图片');
}
this.$emit('sure', imgData);
}
看完了这篇文章,相信你对“基于Vue如何实现移动端图片裁剪组件功能”有了一定的了解,如果想了解更多相关知识,欢迎关注编程网行业资讯频道,感谢各位的阅读!