JOIN对于接触过数据库的人,这个词都不陌生,而且很多人很清楚各种JOIN,还有很多人对这个理解也不是很透彻。
假设我们有两个表,Table_A和Table_B。这两个表中的数据如下所示:
TABLE_A | TABLE_B
PK Value | PK Value
---- ---------- | ---- ----------
1 FOX | 1 TROT
2 COP | 2 CAR
3 TAXI | 3 CAB
6 WASHINGTON | 6 MONUMENT
7 DELL | 7 PC
5 ARIZONA | 8 MICROSOFT
4 LINCOLN | 9 APPLE
10 LUCENT | 11 SCOTCH
Join 语法:
join_table:
table_reference JOIN table_factor [join_condition] //内连接
| table_reference {LEFT|RIGHT|FULL} [OUTER] JOIN table_reference join_condition //外连接
| table_reference LEFT SEMI JOIN table_reference join_condition //左半连接
| table_reference CROSS JOIN table_reference [join_condition] (as of Hive 0.10)
table_reference:
table_factor //表
| join_table //join语句
table_factor:
tbl_name [alias] //表名[别名]
| table_subquery alias //子查寻[别名]
| ( table_references ) //带空号的table_reference
join_condition:
ON expression //on开头的条件语句
1、Inner JOIN: (内连接)
这是最简单、最容易理解的连接,也是最常见的连接。此查询将返回左表(表A)中具有右表(表B)中匹配记录的所有记录。此连接写成如下:
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
INNER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
-- Inner JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
INNER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
1 FOX TROT 1
2 COP CAR 2
3 TAXI CAB 3
6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT 6
7 DELL PC 7
(5 row(s) affected)
2、Left JOIN: (左连接)
此查询将返回左表(表A)中的所有记录,而不管这些记录是否与右表(表B)中的任何记录匹配。它还将从正确的表中返回任何匹配的记录。此连接写成如下:
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
-- Left JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
1 FOX TROT 1
2 COP CAR 2
3 TAXI CAB 3
4 LINCOLN NULL NULL
5 ARIZONA NULL NULL
6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT 6
7 DELL PC 7
10 LUCENT NULL NULL
(8 row(s) affected)
3、Left Excluding JOIN: (左连接排除内连接结果)
此查询将返回左表(表A)中与右表(表B)中的任何记录都不匹配的所有记录。此连接写成如下:
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE B.Key IS NULL
-- Left Excluding JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
WHERE B.PK IS NULL
A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
4 LINCOLN NULL NULL
5 ARIZONA NULL NULL
10 LUCENT NULL NULL
(3 row(s) affected)
4、Right JOIN: (右连接)
此查询将返回右表(表B)中的所有记录,而不管这些记录中是否有任何记录与左表(表A)中的记录相匹配。它还将返回左表中的任何匹配记录。此连接写成如下:
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
-- Right JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
1 FOX TROT 1
2 COP CAR 2
3 TAXI CAB 3
6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT 6
7 DELL PC 7
NULL NULL MICROSOFT 8
NULL NULL APPLE 9
NULL NULL SCOTCH 11
(8 row(s) affected)
5、Right Excluding JOIN: (右连接排除内连接结果)
此查询将返回右表(表B)中与左表(表A)中的任何记录都不匹配的所有记录。此连接写成如下:
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE A.Key IS NULL
-- Right Excluding JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
WHERE A.PK IS NULL
A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
NULL NULL MICROSOFT 8
NULL NULL APPLE 9
NULL NULL SCOTCH 11
(3 row(s) affected)
6、Outer JOIN: (外连接)
此联接也可以称为完全外联接或完全联接。此查询将返回两个表中的所有记录,连接左表(表A)中与右表(表B)中的记录相匹配的记录。此连接写成如下:
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
-- Outer JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
1 FOX TROT 1
2 COP CAR 2
3 TAXI CAB 3
6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT 6
7 DELL PC 7
NULL NULL MICROSOFT 8
NULL NULL APPLE 9
NULL NULL SCOTCH 11
5 ARIZONA NULL NULL
4 LINCOLN NULL NULL
10 LUCENT NULL NULL
(11 row(s) affected)
7、Outer Excluding JOIN: (外连接排除内连接结果)
此查询将返回左表(表A)中的所有记录和右表(表B)中不匹配的所有记录。我还不需要使用这种类型的联接,但所有其他类型的联接我都相当频繁地使用。此连接写成如下:
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE A.Key IS NULL OR B.Key IS NULL
-- Outer Excluding JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
WHERE A.PK IS NULL
OR B.PK IS NULL
A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
NULL NULL MICROSOFT 8
NULL NULL APPLE 9
NULL NULL SCOTCH 11
5 ARIZONA NULL NULL
4 LINCOLN NULL NULL
10 LUCENT NULL NULL
(6 row(s) affected)
注意,在外部联接上,首先返回内部连接记录,然后返回右连接记录,最后返回左连接记录(至少,我的Microsoft SQL Server就是这样做的;当然,这不需要使用任何ORDERBY语句)。您可以访问维基百科文章以获得更多信息(但是,条目不是图形化的)。我还创建了一个备忘单,您可以在需要时打印出来。如果您右键单击下面的图像并选择“将目标保存为.”,您将下载完整大小的图像。
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