我们已经知道如何进入rman，并连接到需要备份的数据库上。那么如何使用rman备份，以及rman能备份哪些东西呢？
备份数据库
RMAN> backup database;
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 00:58:27
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/example01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00006 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/idx01.dbf
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 00:58:28
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 01:00:33
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150708T005827_bsr19n9z_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T005827 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:02:05
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
including current SPFILE in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 01:00:34
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 01:00:35
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150708T005827_bsr1flnq_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T005827 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 01:00:35备份表空间
RMAN> backup tablespace users ;
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 01:59:43
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 01:59:43
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 01:59:44
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150708T015943_bsr4whv0_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T015943 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 01:59:44备份数据文件
RMAN> backup datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/system01.dbf';
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 02:01:07
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/system01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:01:08
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:01:33
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150708T020108_bsr4z487_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T020108 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:25
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
including current SPFILE in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:01:34
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:01:35
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20150708T020108_bsr4zygn_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T020108 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 02:01:35需要说明的一点时，RMAN无法备份临时文件。其实道理很简单，临时文件根本没有必要备份。
RMAN> backup datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/temp01.dbf';
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 02:02:24
using channel ORA_DISK_1
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03002: failure of backup command at 07/08/2015 02:02:24
RMAN-20201: datafile not found in the recovery catalog
RMAN-06010: error while looking up datafile: /u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/temp01.dbf
RMAN> backup tempfile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/temp01.dbf';
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00558: error encountered while parsing input commands
RMAN-01009: syntax error: found "tempfile": expecting one of: "archivelog, as, auxiliary, backupset, backup, channel, check, controlfilecopy, copies, copy, cumulative, current, database, datafilecopy, datafile, db_file_name_convert, db_recovery_file_dest, device, diskratio, duration, filesperset, force, format, for, from, full, incremental, keep, maxsetsize, nochecksum, noexclude, nokeep, not, pool, proxy, recovery, reuse, section, skip readonly, skip, spfile, tablespace, tag, to, validate, ("
RMAN-01007: at line 1 column 8 file: standard input备份控制文件
手工备份控制文件
RMAN> backup current controlfile;
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 02:08:15
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:08:16
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:08:17
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20150708T020815_bsr5djdz_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T020815 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 02:08:172. INCLUDE CURRENT CONTROLFILE
RMAN> BACKUP DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/example01.dbf' INCLUDE CURRENT CONTROLFILE;
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 02:13:22
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/example01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:13:22
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:13:29
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150708T021322_bsr5p2of_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T021322 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:13:30
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:13:31
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20150708T021322_bsr5pbv3_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T021322 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 02:13:31无论进行什么备份，只要在备份语句后面加上INCLUDE CURRENT CONTROLFILE，RMAN就会自动备份controlfile 。
3. 通过配置RMAN的参数，让rman无论在做了何种备份时都会自动备份controlfile。
RMAN> SHOW CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP;
RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name DEVDB are:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
RMAN> BACKUP DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/undotbs01.dbf';
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 02:18:38
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/undotbs01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:18:38
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:18:39
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150708T021838_bsr5zyb4_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T021838 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 02:18:39
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 2015/07/08 02:18:39
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/autobackup/2015_07_08/o1_mf_s_884485119_bsr5zzrp_.bkp comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 2015/07/08 02:18:40设置了CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON后，rman不光自动备份控制文件，连spfile也一同被备份。
如果你仔细留意备份时打印的信息，你就是会发现当我们执行backup database时，即便CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP设置成off。rman也会自动备份控制文件和spfile。因为默认情况下，rman把controlfile与spfile当成是数据库的一部分。
备份归档日志
执行backup archivelog命令
RMAN> backup archivelog all;
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 02:36:09
current log archived
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=16 RECID=7 STAMP=884486041
input archived log thread=1 sequence=17 RECID=8 STAMP=884486144
input archived log thread=1 sequence=18 RECID=9 STAMP=884486148
input archived log thread=1 sequence=19 RECID=10 STAMP=884486151
input archived log thread=1 sequence=20 RECID=11 STAMP=884486169
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:36:09
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:36:10
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20150708T023609_bsr70spk_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T023609 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 02:36:10
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 2015/07/08 02:36:10
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/autobackup/2015_07_08/o1_mf_s_884486170_bsr70v0k_.bkp comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 2015/07/08 02:36:112. 执行backup命令时，添加plus archivelog子句。
RMAN> backup database plus archivelog;
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 02:41:08
current log archived
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=16 RECID=7 STAMP=884486041
input archived log thread=1 sequence=17 RECID=8 STAMP=884486144
input archived log thread=1 sequence=18 RECID=9 STAMP=884486148
input archived log thread=1 sequence=19 RECID=10 STAMP=884486151
input archived log thread=1 sequence=20 RECID=11 STAMP=884486169
input archived log thread=1 sequence=21 RECID=12 STAMP=884486468
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:41:08
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:41:09
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20150708T024108_bsr7b4wr_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T024108 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 02:41:09
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 02:41:09
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/example01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00006 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/idx01.dbf
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/devdb/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:41:10
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:42:05
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20150708T024110_bsr7b68z_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T024110 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:55
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 02:42:05
Starting backup at 2015/07/08 02:42:05
current log archived
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=22 RECID=13 STAMP=884486525
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:42:05
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2015/07/08 02:42:06
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/backupset/2015_07_08/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20150708T024205_bsr7cxsd_.bkp tag=TAG20150708T024205 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2015/07/08 02:42:06
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 2015/07/08 02:42:06
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/DEVDB/autobackup/2015_07_08/o1_mf_s_884486526_bsr7cz3l_.bkp comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 2015/07/08 02:42:07这种方式与上种有什么区别呢，区别太明显了，BACKUP.....PLUS ARCHIVELOG命令在备份过程中会依次执行下列步骤：
1>.运行ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG CURRENT语句对当前redolog进行归档。
2>.执行BACKUP ARCHIVELOG ALL命令备份所有已归档日志。
3>.执行BACKUP命令对指定项进行备份。
4>.再次运行ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG CURRENT对当前redolog归档。
5>.对新生成的尚未备份的归档文件进行备份。
