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运算符重载
为什么要使用运算符重载
-C/C++的运算符,支持的数据类型,仅限于基本数据类型。
问题:一头牛+一头马 = ?(牛马神兽?)
一个圆 +一个圆 = ? (想要变成一个更大的圆)
一头牛 – 一只羊 = ? (想要变成4只羊,原始的以物易物:1头牛价值5只羊)
解决方案:
使用运算符重载
方式一, 使用成员函数重载运算符 需求:把牛肉换猪肉, 羊肉换猪肉
规则:
一斤牛肉:2斤猪肉
一斤羊肉:3斤猪肉
实现:
牛 + 牛 = ?猪肉
牛 + 羊 = ?猪肉
Cow类
> Cow.h#pragma onceclass Pork;class Sheep;class Cow{//牛类public:Cow(int weight = 0);//使用运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 牛肉 = 猪肉 Pork operator+(const Cow& cow);//使用运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 羊肉 = 猪肉 Pork operator+(const Sheep& sheep);private:int weight;//重量};_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________> Cow.cpp#include "Cow.h"#include "Pork.h"#include "Sheep.h"Cow::Cow(int weight){this->weight = weight;}//一斤牛肉换两斤猪肉Pork Cow::operator+(const Cow& cow){return Pork((this->weight + cow.weight) * 2);}//一斤牛肉换两斤猪肉, 一斤羊肉换三斤猪肉Pork Cow::operator+(const Sheep& sheep){int tmp = (this->weight * 2) + (sheep.getWeight() * 3);return Pork(tmp);}
Sheep类
> Sheep.h#pragma once//羊类class Sheep{public:Sheep(int weight = 0);int getWeight() const;private:int weight;//重量};_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________> Sheep.cpp#include "Sheep.h"Sheep::Sheep(int weight){this->weight = weight;}int Sheep::getWeight() const{return weight;}
Pork类
> Pork.h#pragma once#include <string>using namespace std;class Pork{//猪肉类public:Pork(int weight = 0);string description() const;private:int weight;};_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________> Pork.cpp#include <sstream>#include "Pork.h"Pork::Pork(int weight){this->weight = weight;}string Pork::description() const{stringstream ret;ret << this->weight << "斤";return ret.str();}
main.cpp
#include <iostream>#include <Windows.h>#include "Cow.h"#include "Pork.h"#include "Sheep.h"using namespace std;int main(void) {Pork p1;Cow c1(100);Cow c2(200);Sheep s1(100);//调用运算符重载 Pork operator+(const Cow& cow);p1 = c1 + c2;cout << "牛 + 牛 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl;//调用运算符重载 Pork operator+(const Sheep& c1);p1 = c1 + s1;cout << "牛 + 羊 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl;//羊+牛会报错, 因为没有定义对应的羊+牛运算符重载//p1 = s1 + c1;system("pause");return 0;}
方式二, 使用非成员函数【友元函数】重载运算符
实现:
牛 + 牛 = ?猪肉
牛 + 羊 = ?猪肉
Cow类
> Cow.h#pragma onceclass Pork;class Sheep;class Cow{//牛类public:Cow(int weight = 0);//使用友元运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 牛肉 = 猪肉 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Cow& c2);//使用友元运算符重载, 实现 牛肉 + 羊肉 = 猪肉 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Sheep& s1);private:int weight;//重量};_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________> Cow.cpp#include "Cow.h"Cow::Cow(int weight){this->weight = weight;}
Sheep类
> Sheep.h#pragma once//羊类class Sheep{public:Sheep(int weight = 0);int getWeight() const;private:int weight;//重量};_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________> Sheep.cpp#include "Sheep.h"Sheep::Sheep(int weight){this->weight = weight;}int Sheep::getWeight() const{return weight;}
Pork类
> Pork.h#pragma once#include <string>using namespace std;class Pork{//猪肉类public:Pork(int weight = 0);string description() const;private:int weight;};_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________> Pork.cpp#include <sstream>#include "Pork.h"Pork::Pork(int weight){this->weight = weight;}string Pork::description() const{stringstream ret;ret << this->weight << "斤";return ret.str();}
main.cpp
#include <iostream>#include <Windows.h>#include "Cow.h"#include "Pork.h"#include "Sheep.h"using namespace std;//要想访问类的私有数据成员, 就把这个函数定义为友元Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Cow& c2) {return ((c1.weight + c2.weight) * 2);}//要想访问类的私有数据成员, 就把这个函数定义为友元Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Sheep& s1) {return((c1.weight * 2) + (s1.getWeight() * 3));}int main(void) {Pork p1;Cow c1(100);//100斤的牛Cow c2(200);//200斤的牛Sheep s1(100);//100斤的羊//调用 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Cow& c2);p1 = c1 + c2;cout << "使用友元 牛 + 牛 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl;//调用 friend Pork operator+(const Cow& c1, const Sheep& s1);p1 = c1 + s1;cout << "使用友元 牛 + 羊 = 猪肉:" << p1.description() << endl;system("pause");return 0;}
两种方式的区别
区别:
使用成员函数来实现运算符重载时,少写一个参数,因为第一个参数就是this指针。
两种方式的选择:
一般情况下,单目运算符重载,使用成员函数进行重载更方便(不用写参数)
一般情况下,双目运算符重载,使用友元函数更直观
方便实现a+b和b+a相同的效果,成员函数方式无法实现。
例如: 100 + cow; 只能通过友元函数来实现
cow +100; 友元函数和成员函数都可以实现
特殊情况:
(1)= () [ ] -> 不能重载为类的友元函数!!!(否则可能和C++的其他规则矛盾),只能使用成员函数形式进行重载。
(2)如果运算符的第一个操作数要求使用隐式类型转换,则必须为友元函数(成员函数方式的第一个参数是this指针)
注意:
同一个运算符重载, 不能同时使用两种方式来重载,会导致编译器不知道选择哪一个(二义性)
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