正文
在线程间通信方式中,我们了解到可以使用Semaphore信号量来实现线程间通信,Semaphore支持公平锁和非公平锁,Semaphore底层是通过共享锁来实现的,其支持两种构造函数,如下所示:
// 默认使用非公平锁实现
public Semaphore(int permits) {
sync = new NonfairSync(permits);
}
public Semaphore(int permits, boolean fair) {
sync = fair ? new FairSync(permits) : new NonfairSync(permits);
}
Semaphore提供的常用函数如下所示:
函数名 | 说明 | 备注 |
---|---|---|
acquire | 获取锁 | / |
release | 释放锁 | / |
下面我们来看下Semaphore内部的实现原理
Semaphore内部类及继承关系
可以看出Semaphore和ReentrantLock实现原理基本一致,包含NonfairSync和FairSync两个内部类,这两个内部类的父类均为AQS,不妨大胆猜测Semaphore也是依赖AQS实现的,接下来我们一起来看下Semaphore获取和释放锁的流程。
Semaphore.acquire流程分析(以非公平锁为例)
从上图可以看出,针对阻塞线程的部分实现,和ReentrantLock基本一致,我们不做赘述,主要来看下前半部分的源码实现:
// Semaphore.java
public void acquire() throws InterruptedException {
sync.acquireSharedInterruptibly(1);
}
// AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java
public final void acquireSharedInterruptibly(int arg)
throws InterruptedException {
// 如果线程是中断状态,抛出异常
if (Thread.interrupted())
throw new InterruptedException();
// 尝试获取共享资源
if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
doAcquireSharedInterruptibly(arg);
}
从源码可以看出acquire主要依赖于tryAcquireShared和doAcquireSharedInterruptibly,接下来我们来分别看下这两块的代码
tryAcquireShared
// NonfairSync
protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
return nonfairTryAcquireShared(acquires);
}
// Sync
final int nonfairTryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
for (;;) {
int available = getState();
int remaining = available - acquires;
if (remaining < 0 ||
compareAndSetState(available, remaining))
return remaining;
}
}
// AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java
protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {
// See below for intrinsics setup to support this
return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, expect, update);
}
从代码可以看出这里主要是根据申请的许可证数量,比较时否有许可证数量,如果可用许可证数量小于0,则直接返回,如果大于0,则通过CAS将state设置为可用许可证数量。
doAcquireSharedInterruptibly
当tryAcquireShared中返回的可用许可证数量小于0时,执行doAcquireSharedInterruptibly流程,代码如下:
// AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java
// 在队尾新建Node对象并添加
private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
// Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure
Node pred = tail;
if (pred != null) {
node.prev = pred;
if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
pred.next = node;
return node;
}
}
enq(node);
return node;
}
// AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java
private void doAcquireSharedInterruptibly(int arg)
throws InterruptedException {
// 将当前线程添加到等待队列
final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
boolean failed = true;
try {
// for循环自旋
for (;;) {
// 获取node的前一个节点
final Node p = node.predecessor();
// 如果前一个节点是头节点
if (p == head) {
// 尝试获取锁
int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
if (r >= 0) {
// 获取锁成功,更新node信息设置为头节点,并通知其他节点
setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
p.next = null; // help GC
failed = false;
return;
}
}
// 判断是否需要阻塞线程,设置waitStatus并阻塞
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt())
throw new InterruptedException();
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
private void setHeadAndPropagate(Node node, int propagate) {
Node h = head; // Record old head for check below
setHead(node);
if (propagate > 0 || h == null || h.waitStatus < 0 ||
(h = head) == null || h.waitStatus < 0) {
Node s = node.next;
if (s == null || s.isShared())
doReleaseShared();
}
}
执行setHeadAndPropagate的主要目的在于,这里能获取到说明在该线程自旋过程中有线程释放了许可证,释放的许可证数量有可能还有剩余,所以传递给其他节点的线程,唤醒其他阻塞状态的线程也尝试去获取许可证。
Semaphore.release流程分析(以非公平锁为例)
Semaphore.release流程相对而言,就比较简单,将release传递到AQS内部通过CAS更新许可证数量信息,更新完成后,遍历队列中Node节点,将Node waitStatus设置为0,并对对应线程执行unpark,相关代码如下:
protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int releases) {
for (;;) {
int current = getState();
int next = current + releases;
if (next < current) // overflow
throw new Error("Maximum permit count exceeded");
// 通过CAS更新许可证数量
if (compareAndSetState(current, next))
return true;
}
}
private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
int ws = node.waitStatus;
if (ws < 0)
compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);
Node s = node.next;
if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
s = null;
for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
s = t;
}
if (s != null)
LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
}
// 许可证数量更新完成后,调用该方法唤醒线程
private void doReleaseShared() {
// 自旋
for (;;) {
Node h = head;
if (h != null && h != tail) {
int ws = h.waitStatus;
if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {
if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
continue; // loop to recheck cases
// 唤醒后继节点线程抢占许可证
unparkSuccessor(h);
}
else if (ws == 0 &&
!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE))
continue; // loop on failed CAS
}
if (h == head) // loop if head changed
break;
}
}
综上,我们分析了Smaphore非公平锁的实现,感兴趣的可以分析下公平锁的实现,其本质区别在于在tryAcquireShared中只有当等待队列为空时,才会去尝试更新剩余许可证数量。
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