一、前言
Python assert(断言)用于判断一个表达式,在表达式条件为 false 的时候触发异常。
二、异常
即便 Python 程序的语法是正确的,在运行它的时候,也有可能发生错误。运行期检测到的错误被称为异常
三、异常处理
3.1 try/except
try:
# age_str = input("====>")
# age = int(age_str)
# l1 = []
# l1[2]
d1 = {}
d1["name"]
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
except IndexError as e:
print(e)
except KeyError as e:
print("KeyError:", e)
except Exception as e:
print("其他未知异常")
3.2 try/except ... else
# 异常的其他结构
s = "a"
s = 1
try:
int(s)
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
except KeyError as e:
print(e)
except IndexError as e:
print(e)
except Exception as e:
print("捕获未知异常")
else:
print("try 包含的代码块没有异常,执行else 里面的代码")
finally:
print("执行finally 的代码,通常用于释放资源")
3.3 try-finally
s = "a"
try:
int(s)
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
finally:
print("执行finally 的代码,通常用于释放资源")
四、抛出异常
4.1 raise
# 主动触发异常
try:
raise TypeError("这个异常是主动触发的")
except TypeError as e:
print(e)
五、用户自定义异常
自定义异常需要继承自 BaseException; (Exception 也 继承自 BaseException)
# 自定义异常
class MyException(BaseException):
def __init__(self, msg):
self.msg = msg
def __str__(self):
return "<MyException:{}>".format(self.msg)
try:
raise MyException("自定义异常")
except MyException as e:
print(e)
六、断言 assert
程序某处判断结果,如果判断结果为 False; 抛出 AssertionError, 效果相当于 if 进行判断,再抛出异常
assert 1 == 2
if 1 != 2:
raise AssertionError
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