MQTT 是一种基于发布/订阅模式的 轻量级物联网消息传输协议 ,可在严重受限的硬件设备和低带宽、高延迟的网络上实现稳定传输。它凭借简单易实现、支持 QoS、报文小等特点,占据了物联网协议的半壁江山。
本文主要介绍如何在 Java 项目中使用 MQTT,实现客户端与服务器的连接、订阅和收发消息等功能。
引入客户端库
本文的开发环境为:
- 构建工具:Maven
- IDE:IntelliJ IDEA
- Java 版本:JDK 1.8.0
本文将使用 Eclipse Paho Java Client 作为客户端,该客户端是 Java 语言中使用最为广泛的 MQTT 客户端库。
添加以下依赖到项目 pom.xml 文件中。
<dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.eclipse.pahogroupId> <artifactId>org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3artifactId> <version>1.2.5version> dependency>dependencies>
创建 MQTT 连接
MQTT 服务器
本文将使用 EMQX 提供的 免费公共 MQTT 服务器,该服务基于 EMQX 的 MQTT 云平台 创建。服务器接入信息如下:
- Broker: broker.emqx.io(中国用户可以使用 broker-cn.emqx.io)
- TCP Port: 1883
- SSL/TLS Port: 8883
普通 TCP 连接
设置 MQTT Broker 基本连接参数,用户名、密码为非必选参数。
String broker = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883";// TLS/SSL// String broker = "ssl://broker.emqx.io:8883";String username = "emqx";String password = "public";String clientid = "publish_client";
然后创建 MQTT 客户端并连接。
MqttClient client = new MqttClient(broker, clientid, new MemoryPersistence());MqttConnectOptions options = new MqttConnectOptions();options.setUserName(username);options.setPassword(password.toCharArray());client.connect(options);
说明
- MqttClient: 同步调用客户端,使用阻塞方法通信。
- MqttClientPersistence: 代表一个持久的数据存储,用于在传输过程中存储出站和入站的信息,使其能够传递到指定的 QoS。
- MqttConnectOptions: 连接选项,用于指定连接的参数,下面列举一些常见的方法。
- setUserName: 设置用户名
- setPassword: 设置密码
- setCleanSession: 设置是否清除会话
- setKeepAliveInterval: 设置心跳间隔
- setConnectionTimeout: 设置连接超时时间
- setAutomaticReconnect: 设置是否自动重连
TLS/SSL 连接
如果要使用自签名证书进行 TLS/SSL 连接,需添加 bcpkix-jdk15on 到 pom.xml 文件。
<dependency> <groupId>org.bouncycastlegroupId> <artifactId>bcpkix-jdk15onartifactId> <version>1.70version>dependency>
然后使用如下代码创建 SSLUtils.java
文件。
package io.emqx.mqtt;import org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider;import org.bouncycastle.openssl.PEMKeyPair;import org.bouncycastle.openssl.PEMParser;import org.bouncycastle.openssl.jcajce.JcaPEMKeyConverter;import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;import java.io.BufferedInputStream;import java.io.FileInputStream;import java.io.FileReader;import java.security.KeyPair;import java.security.KeyStore;import java.security.Security;import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;public class SSLUtils { public static SSLSocketFactory getSocketFactory(final String caCrtFile, final String crtFile, final String keyFile, final String password) throws Exception { Security.addProvider(new BouncyCastleProvider()); // load CA certificate X509Certificate caCert = null; FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(caCrtFile); BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis); CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509"); while (bis.available() > 0) { caCert = (X509Certificate) cf.generateCertificate(bis); } // load client certificate bis = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(crtFile)); X509Certificate cert = null; while (bis.available() > 0) { cert = (X509Certificate) cf.generateCertificate(bis); } // load client private key PEMParser pemParser = new PEMParser(new FileReader(keyFile)); Object object = pemParser.readObject(); JcaPEMKeyConverter converter = new JcaPEMKeyConverter().setProvider("BC"); KeyPair key = converter.getKeyPair((PEMKeyPair) object); pemParser.close(); // CA certificate is used to authenticate server KeyStore caKs = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType()); caKs.load(null, null); caKs.setCertificateEntry("ca-certificate", caCert); TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance("X509"); tmf.init(caKs); // client key and certificates are sent to server so it can authenticate KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType()); ks.load(null, null); ks.setCertificateEntry("certificate", cert); ks.setKeyEntry("private-key", key.getPrivate(), password.toCharArray(), new java.security.cert.Certificate[]{cert}); KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory .getDefaultAlgorithm()); kmf.init(ks, password.toCharArray()); // finally, create SSL socket factory SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLSv1.2"); context.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), tmf.getTrustManagers(), null); return context.getSocketFactory(); }}
参照如下设置 options
。
// 设置 SSL/TLS 连接地址String broker = "ssl://broker.emqx.io:8883";// 设置 socket factoryString caFilePath = "/cacert.pem";String clientCrtFilePath = "/client.pem";String clientKeyFilePath = "/client.key";SSLSocketFactory socketFactory = getSocketFactory(caFilePath, clientCrtFilePath, clientKeyFilePath, "");options.setSocketFactory(socketFactory);
发布 MQTT 消息
创建一个发布客户端类 PublishSample
,该类将发布一条 Hello MQTT
消息至主题 mqtt/test
。
package io.emqx.mqtt;import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttClient;import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttConnectOptions;import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttException;import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttMessage;import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.persist.MemoryPersistence;public class PublishSample { public static void main(String[] args) { String broker = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883"; String topic = "mqtt/test"; String username = "emqx"; String password = "public"; String clientid = "publish_client"; String content = "Hello MQTT"; int qos = 0; try { MqttClient client = new MqttClient(broker, clientid, new MemoryPersistence()); // 连接参数 MqttConnectOptions options = new MqttConnectOptions(); // 设置用户名和密码 options.setUserName(username); options.setPassword(password.toCharArray()); options.setConnectionTimeout(60); options.setKeepAliveInterval(60); // 连接 client.connect(options); // 创建消息并设置 QoS MqttMessage message = new MqttMessage(content.getBytes()); message.setQos(qos); // 发布消息 client.publish(topic, message); System.out.println("Message published"); System.out.println("topic: " + topic); System.out.println("message content: " + content); // 关闭连接 client.disconnect(); // 关闭客户端 client.close(); } catch (MqttException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } }}
订阅 MQTT 主题
创建一个订阅客户端类 SubscribeSample
,该类将订阅主题 mqtt/test
。
package io.emqx.mqtt;import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.*;import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.persist.MemoryPersistence;public class SubscribeSample { public static void main(String[] args) { String broker = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883"; String topic = "mqtt/test"; String username = "emqx"; String password = "public"; String clientid = "subscribe_client"; int qos = 0; try { MqttClient client = new MqttClient(broker, clientid, new MemoryPersistence()); // 连接参数 MqttConnectOptions options = new MqttConnectOptions(); options.setUserName(username); options.setPassword(password.toCharArray()); options.setConnectionTimeout(60); options.setKeepAliveInterval(60); // 设置回调 client.setCallback(new MqttCallback() { public void connectionLost(Throwable cause) { System.out.println("connectionLost: " + cause.getMessage()); } public void messageArrived(String topic, MqttMessage message) { System.out.println("topic: " + topic); System.out.println("Qos: " + message.getQos()); System.out.println("message content: " + new String(message.getPayload())); } public void deliveryComplete(IMqttDeliveryToken token) { System.out.println("deliveryComplete---------" + token.isComplete()); } }); client.connect(options); client.subscribe(topic, qos); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }}
MqttCallback 说明:
- connectionLost(Throwable cause): 连接丢失时被调用
- messageArrived(String topic, MqttMessage message): 接收到消息时被调用
- deliveryComplete(IMqttDeliveryToken token): 消息发送完成时被调用
测试
接下来运行 SubscribeSample
,订阅 mqtt/test
主题。 然后运行 PublishSample
,发布消息到 mqtt/test
主题。 我们将会看到发布端成功发布消息,同时订阅端接收到消息。
至此,我们完成了在 Java 中使用 Paho Java Client 来作为 MQTT 客户端连接到 公共 MQTT 服务器,并实现了测试客户端与 MQTT 服务器的连接、消息发布和订阅。
完整代码请见:https://github.com/emqx/MQTT-Client-Examples/tree/master/mqtt-client-Java。
版权声明: 本文为 EMQ 原创,转载请注明出处。
来源地址:https://blog.csdn.net/emqx_broker/article/details/126605202